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Physiology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 classes of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Choline Derivative
  2. Biogenic Amines
  3. Amino Acids
  4. Neuropeptides
  5. others
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2
Q

Name the class of the Neurotransmitter:

Examples: Acetylcholine

Characteristics: ACh is used as a neurotransmitter in both the CNS and PNS, but it is the most abundant NT in the PNS

A

Choline Derivative

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3
Q

Name the class of the Neurotransmitter:

Examples: catecholamines including dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine; serotonin; histamine

Characteristics: are derived from amino acids, and contain an amine group (-NH2).

A

Biogenic Amines

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4
Q

Name the class of the Neurotransmitter:

Examples: glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

Characteristics: Amino acids NTs are the most abundant NTs in the CNS.

A

Amino Acids

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5
Q

Name the class of the Neurotransmitter:

Examples: TRH; vasopressin; oxytocin; substance P; endogenous opioids including enkephalins and endorphins

Characteristics: More than 50 neuropeptides have been identified. Neuropeptides are made in the cell body of a neuron at the rough ER, packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus just like any other protein destined for secretion from a cell, and then carried to the axon terminal for storage.

A

Neuropeptides

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6
Q

Name the class of the Neurotransmitter:

Examples: nitric oxide, ATP

Characteristics: Nitric oxide is regulated differently than other NTs because it diffuses through the plasma membrane of the presynaptic cell as soon as it is synthesized; therefore, regulation of synthesis occurs rather than regulation of release. Nitric oxide enters target cells by diffusion and alters protein activity.

A

Others

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7
Q

most abundant neurotransmitters in the CNS

A

Amino Acids

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8
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of:

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Define blood-brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries.

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10
Q

Cell bodies and nerve fibers lacking myelin; interior of cord

A

Grey matter

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11
Q

Myelinated axons of interneurons, run along length of cord; outer portion of cord

A

White matter

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12
Q

__________fibers enter on _________side via dorsal roots

A

Afferent; Dorsal

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13
Q

__________fibers ________on ventral side via ventral roots

A

Efferent; Leave

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14
Q

Can afferent and efferent nerves carry information in one or both directions?

A

Both because they join to form spinal nerves

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15
Q

Does the spinal canal run up or down center and what does it contain?

A

down, cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

The brain forms from….

A

expansion and folding over of anterior portion of spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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18
Q

The region of the brain that performs higher functions

A

Forebrain

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19
Q

F. Frontal Lobe
P. Parietal Lobe
T: Temporal Lope
O: Occipital Lobe
I: Insula Lobe

  1. storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences
  2. concentration, planning, decision making
  3. Integrates movements in focusing the eye
  4. understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions
  5. memory; integration of other cerebral activities
A
  1. T
  2. F
  3. O
  4. P
  5. I
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20
Q

masses of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies; function in control of voluntary movement

A

Basal Nuclei/Ganglia

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21
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant in language and analytical ability?

A

Left Hemisphere

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22
Q

What 4 things is the right hemisphere important for?

A
  1. pattern recognition
  2. musical composition
  3. singing
  4. recognition of faces
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23
Q

What 2 structures are Implicated as center for many emotions?

A

Limbic system, hypothalamus

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24
Q

What structure is required for the consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory?

A

Medial temporal lobe

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25
Q

________ _________: involved in visual reflexes
________ ________: involved in auditory reflexes

Both apart of midbrain

A

Superior colliculi; inferior colliculi

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26
Q

The metencephalon and myelencephalon are a part of what region of the brain?

A

Hindbrain

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27
Q

Define Efferent division

A

neurons carrying information out to effectors

28
Q

Define Afferent division

A

neurons carrying information from sensory receptors

29
Q

What 2 systems are in the efferent division?

A
  1. Somatic nervous system (SNS)
  2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
30
Q

Are the Enteric, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic nervous systems apart of the SNS or ANS?

A

Autonomic NS

31
Q

The pathway that information travels to reach perception or the conscious interpretation of the world based on the sensory system itself, memory, and other neural processes.

A

Sensory Systems

32
Q

Every sensory pathway EXCEPT ____________ goes through thalamus

A

olfaction

33
Q

a specialized cell that is separate from an afferent neuron or it can be the modified end of an afferent neuron that is designed to detect a specific form of energy (a modality) in the environment.

A

Receptor

34
Q

Determine weather each one uses a chemoreceptor (CR), thermoreceptor (TR), mechanoreceptor (MR), or photoreceptor (PR):

  1. vision
  2. taste
  3. smell
  4. pain
  5. blood oxygen
  6. blood pH
  7. warmth
  8. cold
  9. blood pressure
  10. Osmolarity of extracellular fluid
  11. Sound
  12. balance and equilibrium
A
  1. PR: vision
  2. CR: taste
  3. CR: smell
  4. CR: pain
  5. CR: blood oxygen
  6. CR: blood pH
  7. TR: warmth
  8. TR: cold
  9. MR: blood pressure
  10. MR: Osmolarity of extracellular fluid
  11. MR: Sound
  12. MR: balance and equilibrium
35
Q

what is interpreted based on which receptor sent the signal?

A

Modality

36
Q

Location is coded by what 4 things?

A

active neurons, topographic organization, timing, and lateral inhibition.

37
Q

Intensity is coded by…

A

the number and frequency of activated receptors

38
Q

what is detected by rapidly-adapting and slowly-adapting receptors?

A

Duration

39
Q

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
a. Energy storage
b. Responding to stimuli and conducting impulses
c. Synthesizing hormones
d. Producing antibodies

A

b. Responding to stimuli and conducting impulses

40
Q

Which type of neurons transmit information from sensory receptors into the CNS?
a. Efferent neurons
b. Interneurons
c. Afferent neurons
d. Oligodendrocytes

A

c. Afferent neurons

41
Q

What is a characteristic feature of interneurons?
a. Found in the PNS
b. Transmit information to effectors
c. Account for 99% of all neurons
d. Cannot undergo mitosis

A

c. Account for 99% of all neurons

42
Q

In the CNS, what structures are formed by the grouping of neuron cell bodies?
a. Nerves
b. Ganglia
c. Nuclei
d. Tracts

A

c. Nuclei

43
Q

Which glial cells are critical to the formation of the blood-brain barrier and guide neurons during development?
a. Astrocytes
b. Microglia
c. Oligodendrocytes
d. Ependymal cells

A

a. Astrocytes

44
Q

most neurons contain what 3 things

A

dendrites, cell body, and axon

45
Q

Producing macromolecules and containing the nucleus is the function of what in a neuron?

A

Perikaryon

46
Q

Where does the initiation of action potentials occur in a neuron?
a. Axon terminal
b. Dendrites
c. Axon hillock
d. Cell body

A

c. Axon hillock

47
Q

Serving as a receptive area for electrical impulses is the role of what in a neuron?

A

Dendrites

48
Q

How is information transmitted between neurons at the synapse?

A

By the flow of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft

49
Q

difference in voltage between two points

A

Potential Difference (E)

50
Q

difference in voltage across the plasma membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside of a cell

A

Membrane potential (Vm)

51
Q

difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a cell when the cell is at rest (not sending signals)

A

Resting Potential (Vm)

52
Q

a relatively small change in membrane potential produced by some type of stimulus that triggers the opening or closing of ion channels; size of a graded potential is dependent upon the size of the stimulus

A

Graded Potential

53
Q

graded potential produced in a post-synpatic cell in response to neurotransmitters binding to receptors

A

Synaptic potential

54
Q

graded potential produced in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor

A

Receptor potential

55
Q

large, rapid change in membrane potential produced by depolarization of an excitable cell’s plasma membrane past threshold; the electrical signal in a neuron; APs are “all-or-none”

A

Action potential

56
Q

the membrane potential that counters the chemical forces acting to move an ion across a membrane which puts the ion at equilibrium; the membrane potential that a cell would have if it were based on a single ion which is allowed to come to equilibrium

A

Equilibrium potential

57
Q

What does Ohm’s Law (I = E/R) relate in the context of neurons?
a. Ion concentration
b. Membrane potential
c. Electrochemical gradient
d. Current, voltage, and resistance

A

current, voltage, and resistance

58
Q

What determines the membrane potential of a cell, according to the information provided?
a. Ion permeability and electrochemical gradient
b. Cell size and shape
c. Temperature and Faraday constant
d. Action potential frequency

A

a. Ion permeability and electrochemical gradient

59
Q

What does the Nernst equation describe?
a. Membrane permeability to different ions
b. Equilibrium potential for a single ion
c. Ohm’s Law in biological systems
d. Temperature-dependent ion movements

A

b. Equilibrium potential for a single ion

60
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential of neurons closer to the equilibrium potential of potassium ions than sodium ions?
a. Neurons prefer potassium ions
b. Sodium ions are impermeable to the membrane
c. More potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels
d. Equilibrium potential of sodium is negative

A

c. More potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels

61
Q

What does the Goldman’s Equation take into consideration that the Nernst equation does not?
a. Ion concentrations
b. Faraday constant
c. Permeabilities of different ions
d. Temperature variations

A

c. Permeabilities of different ions

62
Q

the process that occurs when an action potential reaches the axon terminal

A

voltage-gated calcium ion channels open, allowing calcium ions to enter the axon terminal. The increase in calcium concentration triggers vesicles containing neurotransmitters to undergo exocytosis

62
Q

How do voltage-gated calcium ion channels play a role in the release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminal?

A

1.Voltage-gated calcium ion channels in the axon terminal membrane open in response to the action potential
2.calcium ions move down their electrochemical gradient from outside the neuron to inside
3. The increase in calcium concentration triggers vesicles filled with neurotransmitter to bind to the axon terminal membrane and undergo exocytosis
4. The neurotransmitter is released into the synapse.

63
Q

What happens to neurotransmitter after its release from the pre-synaptic cell?

A
  • Neurotransmitter can diffuse away from the synapse
  • Neurotransmitter can be degraded by enzymes in the synapse
  • Neurotransmitter or the pieces degraded by enzymes can be taken back up by the pre-synaptic cell to be used again.
64
Q

What can easily get through the blood brain barrier and what cannot?

A

Lipophilic molecules can enter quickly but disease-causing organisms can not.

Physiology (10 decks)

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