Module 5

Question 1

income

Answer 1

amount of money received through paid labour and/or investments

Question 2

social class

Answer 2

A grouping based on social factors, including income, wealth, education and occupation
implies a shared standard of living based on these social factors

Question 3

social class impacts

Answer 3

how much power and prestige individuals have
-People in the same class share similar life chances/opportunities

shared opportunities to succeed and gain economic power, health, physical activity (or not)
-social class exists in all countries
systemic social inequalities in life chances/opportunities always exist
success is not always a direct result of how hard one works
-what does this idea of effort - outcome reflect?

Question 4

what are the social classes in Canada?

Answer 4

-upper, middle, lower = social gradient in health
Consistent association between social class position and Health status
as social class goes up, health status goes up and physical activity goes down
as a group least health is lower social class

Question 5

upper class

Answer 5

-wealthiest and most powerful class
powerful: corporate leaders whose decisions affect job status of millions
-have control over their lives and their economic positions give them power to control their lives
ex.
-own media companies that shape our identity
-start charitable organizations that influence social causes

Question 6

upper class tend to be divided in two

Answer 6

old money: inherited wealth, passed on to the next generation
new money: wealth earned by oneself
-less social connections to old money circles

Question 7

middle class

Answer 7

-most tend to have a minimum of bachelors or two-year college degree
- comfort is key descriptor of middle class
-work hard and have fairly comfortable lives
-white collar jobs, including lower-level managers and highly skilled blue collar workers
white collar workers = perform non-manual labor/tasks (not physically demanding), salaried
bleu collar workers = performs manual labor, hourly

Question 8

upper middle class

Answer 8

bachelors or postgraduate degree
-comforable incomes, allowing holidays
children recieve quality education

Question 9

lower middle class

Answer 9

bachelors or associates degrees (community or technical colleges)
-hold jobs supervised by upper class
-decent lifestyle but struggle to maintain it
Also threatened in recent years by higher taxes, education costs and shelter costs
called the middle class squeeze

Question 10

lower class

Answer 10

-have less education and usually earn smaller incomes than the middles class
working class:
-perform blue collar jobs, requiring little skill or experience
-perform routine tasks under close supervision

Question 11

working poor

Answer 11

-perform blue collar jobs requiring little skill or experience without benefits
-usually seasonal or temporary work
-even if they work full time they earn less than a living wage
-amount needed for basic needs (foods, shelter, clothing) and participate in community life

*there is not one set number to tell us what a living wage is
-varies by location and number of family members

Question 12

underclass

Answer 12

-live mainly in inner cities
-unemployed or underemployed (low pay for basic tasks)
-homeless
-rely on government assistance (food, medical care, housing)

Question 13

social mobility

Answer 13

-ability to change social positions
A high degree of social mobility, upwards, or downwards - suggests that equal opportunities exist for all people

Question 14

intergenerational mobility

Answer 14

difference in social classes between different members of the same generation
-differences in social class different between different members of the same generation

Question 15

structural mobility

Answer 15

societal changes enable a whole groups of people to move within the social ladder

Question 16

how does social mobility happen ?

Answer 16

-if equality of opportunity exists then access to rewards would exactly equal ones personal effort and talents/abilities (merits) to achieve those rewards
-social class standing does not impact the relationship between efforts/merit and rewards
alternative viewpoint: equality is a myth, aimed to keep people motivated to work hard
-and gets them to not see social inequality; instead as a lack of personal efforts or merit
-ideology of equality of opportunities is a mirage that masks inequality in society

Question 17

does social class matter to being physically active

Answer 17

YES, social classes do not have equality of opportunities
Have different participation rates
-have distinct types of physical activity that they participate in
reflective of different opportunities

Question 19

participation in Physical activity and the upper class
1) social exclusivity

Answer 19

-private clubs with expensive membership fees and strict requirements
-emphasizes the idea that wealthy and influential people deserve special places to play sport

Question 20

participation in Physical activity and the upper class
2) conspicuous consumption

Answer 20

using physical activity as a means of showing off privileged position
-personal trainers, sport coaches (golf pro)
-expensive sporting equipment

Question 21

participation in Physical activity and the upper class
3) control over time: flexibility in work hours

Answer 21

-haivng flexibility to go yachting, skiing , golfing,
where they can take time away from work

Question 22

participation in Physical activity and the upper class
4) sport and physical activity as purely “leisured” activity

Answer 22

-aesthetic and/or expensive sports team
- gymnastics, figure skating, archer, hockey, lacrosse

Question 23

participation in physical activity and the middle class
Team sports

Answer 23

cheaper, higher number of players
-basketball, volleyball
-schools, community based
requires a fee

Question 24

participation in physical activity and the middle class
structured leisure

Answer 24

-sport and exercise are regulated around work times
-creates demand for weekend, evening and summer leisure
and early-bird fitness

Question 25

participation in physical activity and the middle class
home-based physical activity

Answer 25

CV/strength turning machines

Question 26

participation in physical activity and the lower class
1) physical activity related to job

Question 27

participation in physical activity and the lower class
2) reject workplace fitness programs

Question 28

participation in physical activity and the lower class
3) prole sports

Answer 28

-avoided by the upper class and therefor associated with the working class (proletariat)
-incorporate violence, physical strength and daring
boxing, wrestling, weightlifting

Question 29

participation in physical activity and the lower class
4) team sports (like middle class)
difference:

Answer 29

Formal vs. Informal team sports

Question 30

participation in physical activity and the lower class
5) watch pseudo sports

Answer 30

non-legitement or contrived/made up activities for audience entertainment
-many emphasize strength, power, and/or violence
-wrestling (WWE), esports

Question 31

Physical activity and low income/social class
why lower social class focus?

Answer 31

Least active = more equitable opportunities that are appropriately tailored

Question 32

barriers for PA in the low income/social class

Answer 32

-PA guidelines assume everyone has the time, resources and opportunities to be active (we do not)
-cost
-work schedule of parents- less time to be active with children or transport them
-daily needs of food, shelter or clothing
-low income neighbourhoods schools:
Fewer facilities and less diversity of intramural programs
social capital is low = collective aspects of social environment

Question 33

social capital is low=

Answer 33

collective aspects of social environment

Question 34

what strategies can be implemented that do not put the responsibility on individual with low income/social class?

Answer 34

-rather strategies aim to provide

Question 35

facilitators at a societal level. ideas?

Answer 35

-cost (lack of affordable options): sport organizations waive fees for volunteerism (coach, board of directors)
Equipemuns swapping programs set up in the community

-improving local parks and recreation activities
-subsidizing transportation
-local schools offering more PA opportunities outside of school

Question 36

key is to Increase in equitable opportunities at community and institutional level