Module 3

Question 1

determinants of health

Answer 1

range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that influence health status (including how active we are)
-within the broader domain of determinants of health (also termed social and physical determinants of health)

Question 2

social determinants of health and physical activity
goal

Answer 2

is to create social and physical environments that promote physical activity and health for all.
All people deserve an equal opportunity to make choices that lead to health, including the opportunity to be active

Question 3

our health and opportunities to be active are determine in part by:

Answer 3

-money, power, and resources on international , national and local levels
-access to social and economic opportunities to lead fulfilling and productive lives in a way on values
-resources and supports available in out homes, schools, workplaces, neighbourhoods and communities
-quality of schooling
-nature of our social interactions and relationships

Question 4

social determinants of health

Answer 4

Conditions in the social and physical environments in which we are born, grow, live, learn, work and age
that affect a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life outcomes

Question 5

social determinants are separated into two categories

Answer 5

1. risk factors- negative social determinants
2. protective factors- positive social determinants

Question 6

properties of social determinants:
1. can be negative or protective

Answer 6

ex. high crime lower physical activity (negative)
while low crime predict higher activity (is protective

Question 7

properties of social determinants:
2. can exist at multiple levels

Answer 7

-individual (e.g., I am a minority relative to my race and gender identity and I experience
discrimination).
- Local community (e.g., high crime neighbourhood).
-Societal (e.g., unemployment is high)

Question 8

properties of social determinants
3. can add up/be cumulative

Answer 8

Often “this goes with that” for those most disadvantaged (e.g., physically activity ↓ and
health problems ↑ amongst unemployed, poor, women.

Question 9

social determinants- palce

Answer 9

Place” includes the material attributes/settings in which we live and conduct our lives (e.g.,
school, workplace, health care, neighbourhood/community).
 In addition, our patterns of social interactions and sense of security are also taken into
account in these “places”.
 Understanding how population groups experience “place” and the impact of “place” on
health and physical activity opportunities is fundamental to the social determinants of health and PA
Groups that are most detrimentally(negatively) impacted need our attention

Question 10

social determinants of physical activity

Answer 10

KIN 232, Social determinants of PA: = Factors in social and physical environments (in which we
are born, grow, live, learn, work, and age)

Question 11

examples of social determinants-general

Answer 11

Access to job opportunities (ties to income)
 Availability of community-based opportunities to be active
 Social support
 Social norms and attitudes (e.g., discrimination, racism)
 Socioeconomic conditions (e.g., concentrated poverty)
 Exposure to crime
 Access to mass media and emerging technologies

Question 12

examples of physical determinants- general

Answer 12

Natural environment, like mountains
 Built environment (e.g., bike lanes, parks)
 Worksite, school, and community recreation settings
Community design (e.g., mixed land use)
 Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities
 By improving the conditions in which we are born, grow, live, work, and age, and the quality
of our social relationships, we will create a healthier population and society.

Question 13

what is social inequality?

Answer 13

describes the unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards and positions in society

Question 14

social differentiation

Answer 14

Social characteristics – social identities, and roles are used to differentiate and divide people
into different categories, which have implications for social inequality
 e.g., social categories of class, occupation, gender, race
 When social categories lead to differences in opportunities and some groups have more
access to resources then social differentiation becomes the basis of social inequality.

Question 15

physical activity examples

Answer 15

does where I can afford to live based on my social class (income, education, occupation) make PA opportunities more or less available compared to others

Question 16

availability and accessibility of PA resources

Answer 16

urpose  Determine the availability of physical activity resources within a small
midwestern city.
 Purpose  To examine the relationship between physical activity resources and social class.
 Method
 Identified PA resources (schools, parks, fitness centers, running paths, dance studios).
 Divided the city into census tracts 
o High social class/SES  4; population = 20 000
o Low social class/SES  6; population = 16 000
 Results
1) Number of PA resources:
 High social class/SES =7
 Low social class/SES = 4
2) Percentage that were pay facilities:
 High social class/SES = 25%
 Low social class/SES = 40%
 Conclusion
 City planning favors areas of high social class/SES  provide more free PA resources
these poepal need free resources the least yet they are provided with the most opportunities to be active
 Practical application  city planners to build free PA resources in ALL neighbourhoods.
 With particularly more built in low social class/SES neighbourhoods that are disadvantaged
 Action: Reflect on and write down examples in your life, based upon a category that you
identify with, that has resulted in MORE or LESS opportunities to be physically active

Question 17

social stratification

Answer 17

= institutionalized system of social inequality.
 Institutionalized = embedded in society

those in the highest strata get the mot resources and opportunities vs. those in the lowest strata get the least (unequal distribution)
based on factors like wealth, income, power and social status

Question 18

in Canada, dominat ideology is that

Answer 18

everyone has an equal opportunity to be successful
called equality of opportunity

Question 19

dominant ideology

Answer 19

a set of common values, beliefs, or ideas shared by most people in a
given society, resulting in norms.
 Frames how most people think about a range of topics (e.g., politics, economics, science,
physical activity) and influences their behaviour.

Question 20

By providing equality of opportunities, differences in outcomes between people are due to
individual merit/how hard they work (meritocracy) and natural talent.

Answer 20

no person is held back or discriminated against because of their social strata
thus people have the same chances at succeeding in life (economically and socially through PA activities

Question 21

contrast equality of opportunity with equality of condition =

Answer 21

everyone in society has similar level of wealth, status and power
In Canadian society, equality of condition does not exist.
 Social determinants mark out the “haves” from the “have nots”.

Question 22

“haves”

Answer 22

(higher social strata) : more access to resources and opportunities (privilege)
Inequalities of condition: individuals have differing levels of wealth, status and power (unequal distribution, social stratification)

Question 23

Equality of opportunity exists when people have ____________ access to resources and
opportunities in a society.
 Function of equal access to education, elimination of discrimination (e.g., racism, classism,
sexism, homophobia, transphobia) and meritocracy

Answer 23

same
(this does not exist in Canadian society

Question 24

meritocracy (myth)

Answer 24

belief tat everyone has the same chance of succeeding in life, if they cultivate the required abilities and work hard enough

Success is not dependent on social detriments, but on individual merits (including how hard ones works/puts in effort and their talent and abilities)
individuals are rewarded based on their efforts an abilities
tied to the societal belief in rugged individualism

Question 25

rugged individualism

Answer 25

individual qualities of hard work, self reliance/personal independence are key for success (including being physically active)

Question 26

rugged individualism
often exhibited through:

Answer 26

-stories/messaging about how individuals who work hard achieve success
-messaging that we are solely responsible for changing out behaviour, including physical activity

Question 27

rugged individualism and meritocracy
results:

Answer 27

Physical activity interventions/programs tend to mainly target individuals
small subset of population; drop out occurs
will not impact social physical activity levels
In reality the person does not have complete control over their opportunities to be active

Question 28

myth of meritocracy

Answer 28

It is solely the abilities and efforts of the individual to achieve success in life (including being active)

Rather than recognizing that social determinants result in more resources/opportunities for the privileged/non-marginalized.

Question 29

what complimentary strategies can we use to target societal change in physical activity ?
population-based health promotion framework

Answer 29

upstream- change environment or public policy/law

midstream- community based interventions

downstream- individual personal training; prescribed drugs; interventions (research)

If you want to target people who are not at eh recommended level, all three interventions are needed