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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Muscle types:

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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2
Q

conscious control

A

When a person can consciously decide to use these muscles to complete an action. Communication within the body to coordinate movement starts in the brain with a message that is sent through the spinal cord and eventually attaches to a muscle.

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3
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

carry the signal from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to a specific muscle destination to provide movement

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

motor actions

A

Messages from the central nervous system to a muscle

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6
Q

sensory input

A

when nerves carry information from the external environment to the central nervous system, a.k.a sensation

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7
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone- connective tissues that connect skeletal muscle to bone at each end. Flexible, can bend at the joints, and help cushion against sudden movement

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8
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bone tissue to bone. connective tissue that connects bone to bone, helping to stabilize joints where bones meet

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9
Q

All skeletal muscles have:

A

an origin
insertion
action

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10
Q

origin

A

the bony site of attachment that is stationary during the movement

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11
Q

insertion

A

insertion of a muscle is the bony site of attachment that is moved by the muscle contraction

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12
Q

action

A

is what effect is produced by the muscle’s contraction. For example, the triceps are the primary extensor of the forearms

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13
Q

innervation

A

the peripheral nerve that supplies a muscle with the message from the brain. For example, the innervation of the biceps brachii is the musculocutaneous nerve

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14
Q

CN

A

means cranial nerve

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15
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that originate on the ventral surface of the brain

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16
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Action: eye closure

Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)

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17
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Action: mouth closure: closes lips, protrudes lips
forward, presses lips against teeth
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)

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18
Q

Zygomaticus major/minor

A

Action: pull corners of lips upward

Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)

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19
Q

Risorius

A

Action: pulls the corners of the mouth posteriorly
(grin or grimace)
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)

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20
Q

Frontalis (occipitofrontailis)

A

Action: raise eyebrows

Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)

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21
Q

Buccinator

A

Action: compress cheeks

Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)

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22
Q

Masseter

A

Action: jaw closure
Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V, mandibular
branch)

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23
Q

Temporalis

A

Action: Elevates mandible, closes jaw
Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V, mandibular
branch)

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24
Q

lateral flexion

A

Side bending of the neck is also called side flexion or lateral flexion, which refers to moving one of the ears to the same side shoulder

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25
Q

Neck flexion

A

refers to the action of moving the chin towards the sternum

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26
Q

bilaterally

A

there are several muscles that have differing actions if acting together on both sides

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27
Q

unilaterally

A

acting on one side only

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28
Q

Semispinalis Capitis

A

Origin: articular processes of inferior cervical &
transverse process of superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: occipital bone
Action:
Bilateral extend head
Unilateral laterally flexes neck to same side
Innervation: spinal nerves

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29
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: sternal end of clavicle and manubrium
Insertion: mastoid region of skull
Action:
Bilateral: neck flexion
Unilateral: turns face to opposite side
Innervation: accessory nerve (CN XI)

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30
Q

Splenius Capitis

A

Origin: spinous process/ligaments of inferior cervical
vertebrae
Insertion: mastoid process, occipital bone of skull
Action:
Bilateral extend head
Unilateral laterally flexes neck to same side

 Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
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31
Q

Longissimus cervicis

A

Origin: transverse processes of superior thoracic
vertebrae
Insertion: transverse process of middle and superior
cervical vertebrae
Action:
Bilateral extend head
Unilateral laterally flexes neck to same side

 Innervation: cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
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32
Q

Longissimus thoracis

A

Origin: transverse process of all thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae
Insertion: transverse processes of all thoracic
vertebrae
Action:
Bilateral extension of spine
Unilaterally: lateral flexion of spine

 Innervation: thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
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33
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: elevates thyroid, depresses hyoid bone
Innervation: hypoglossal nerve

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34
Q

Scalenes

A

(anterior, middle, posterior)

Origin: transverse processes of C2- C7
Insertion: first and second ribs
Action: elevates ribs 1 & 2
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves

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35
Q

Flexion of the spine

A

refers to forward bending the trunk (such as a “cat” stretch)

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36
Q

Extension of the spine

A

refers backward bending

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37
Q

lateral flexion

A

side bending of the vertebral column

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38
Q

rotation

A

movement around an axis

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39
Q

Spinalis:

A

Medial column of erector spinae

Made up of three divisions (spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis)

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40
Q

Longissimus:

A

Intermediate column of erector spinae

Made up of three divisions (longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitits)

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41
Q

Iliocostalis:

A

Lateral column of erector spinae

Made up of three divisions (iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis)

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42
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Origin: pubic crest, pubic symphysis
Insertion: pubis, cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid
process
Action: flexion of spine, compression of abdominal
viscera
Innervation: spinal nerves (T 7-T 12)

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43
Q

External oblique

A

Origin: sternum, ribs (5-12)
Insertion: linea alba, iliac crest
Action:
Bilaterally: flexion of the spine, compress the
abdomen;
Unilaterally: flexes trunk to same side, rotates
to opposite side
Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves

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44
Q

Internal oblique

A

Origin: iliac crest, lumbodorsal fascia
Insertion: inferior ribs, linea alba
Action: compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes
spine
Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves

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45
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

– deep to internal oblique
Origin: lateral inguinal ligament, inner iliac crest
Insertion: linea alba, pubis
Action: compression of abdomen
Innervation: first lumbar nerve (T 7- L1), iliohypogastric (T12-L1), ilioinguinal (T12-L1)

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46
Q

Diaphragm

A

Origin: cartilage of ribs 7-12, xiphoid process, lumbar
vertebrae
Insertion: anterior longitudinal ligament (vertebral
column)
Action: expands thoracic cavity, compresses
abdominal cavity
Innervation: phrenic nerve (C3-5)

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47
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Origin: superior border of ribs 2-12
Insertion: inferior of ribs above (1-11)
Action: depresses ribs (forced expiration)
Innervation: intercostal nerves

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48
Q

External Intercostals

A

Origin: lower border of ribs 1-11
Insertion: upper border of ribs below (1-12)
Action: elevates ribs (normal inspiration)
Innervation: intercostal nerves

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49
Q

Trapezius

A

Trapezius (upper, middle, lower)
Origin: occipital bone, spinous process of T1-12
Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion, and scapular
spine of scapula
Action: rotation, retraction, elevation, depression of
scapula; extends neck and stabilizes shoulder
Innervation: Accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve 11)

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50
Q

Levator scapulae

A

Origin: transverse process of C1-4
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: elevates scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

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51
Q

Rhomboids

A 
Rhomboids (major, minor)
     Origin: spinous process (minor: C7-T1) (major: T2-5)
     Insertion: medial border of scapula
     Action: retraction of scapula
     Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
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52
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Origin: ribs 3-5
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action: elevates ribs, draws scapula down and
medially
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve

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53
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

Origin: upper 8-9 ribs
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: protraction of scapula
Innervation: long thoracic nerve

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54
Q

rotator cuff

A

is necessary to stabilize the humeral head inside the shoulder joint. Made up of the “SITS” muscles.

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55
Q

SITS muscles:

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

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56
Q

Deltoid

A

Deltoid (anterior, posterior, middle)
Origin: clavicle and scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: abduction at shoulder (whole muscle)
Innervation: axillary nerve

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57
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Pectoralis major
Origin: ribs 2-6, body of sternum
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: flexion, adduction and medial rotation at
shoulder
Innervation: pectoral nerves

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58
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Supraspinatus (above spine of scapula)
Origin: supraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: abduction at the shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve

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59
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Infraspinatus (below spine of scapula)
Origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve

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60
Q

Teres Minor

A

Origin: lateral border of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: axillary nerve

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61
Q

Teres Major

A

– not part of the rotator cuff
Origin: inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at
shoulder
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve

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62
Q

Subscapularis

A

– along inner surface of the scapula
Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Action: medial rotation at the shoulder
Innervation: subscapular nerves

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63
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Origin: spinous process of inferior thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at
shoulder
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve

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64
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

Origin: coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: medial shaft of humerus
Action: adduction and flexion at shoulder
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve

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65
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Origin: short head- coracoid process; long head-
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion: tuberosity of radius
Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve

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66
Q

Brachialis

A

Origin: anterior/distal surface of humerus
Insertion: tuberosity of ulna
Action: flexion at elbow
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve and radial
nerve

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67
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: lateral aspect of styloid process of radius
Action: flexion at elbow
Innervation: radial nerve

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68
Q

Triceps

A

(long head, lateral head, medial head)
Origin:
Lateral head – superior, lateral margin on
humerus
Long head – infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Medial head – posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: olecranon of ulna
Action: extension at elbow
Innervation: radial nerve

69
Q

Pronator Teres

A

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: mid-lateral surface of radius
Action: pronation
Innervation: median nerve

70
Q

Supinator

A

Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: anterolateral surface of radius
Action: supination
Innervation: deep radial nerve

71
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

Action: wrist flexion, radial deviation of the hand

Innervation: median nerve

72
Q

Palmaris longus

A

Action: wrist flexion

Innervation: median nerve

73
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Action: wrist flexion, ulnar deviation of the hand

Innervation: ulnar nerve

74
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)

A

Action: flexion of the wrist and digits 2-5 (middle
and proximal phalanx)
Innervation: median nerve

75
Q

Flexor pollicis longus

A

Action: flexion of thumb

Innervation: median nerve

76
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)

A

Action: wrist flexion, flexion of digits 2-5 (distal
phalanx)
Innervation: palmar interosseous nerve

77
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Action: extension, abduction of the wrist

Innervation: radial nerve

78
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Action: extension, abduction of the wrist

Innervation: radial nerve

79
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Action: wrist extension, extension of digits 2-5

Innervation: deep radial nerve

80
Q

Extensor digiti minimi (digit 5)

A

Action: wrist extension, extension of digit 5

Innervation: deep radial nerve

81
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Action: extension, adduction of the wrist

Innervation: deep radial nerve

82
Q

Abductor pollicis longus (APL)

A

Action: abduction of wrist and thumb

Innervation: deep radial nerve

83
Q

Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)

A

Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction

Innervation: deep radial nerve

84
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)

A

Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction

Innervation: deep radial nerve

85
Q

Extensor indicis (EI)

A

Action: extension of wrist and digit 2

Innervation: deep radial nerve

86
Q

Hip extension

A

Hip extension involves moving the thigh posteriorly (or backward movement of the thigh)

87
Q

Hip flexion

A

is moving the thigh anteriorly (or forward movement of the thigh)

88
Q

Knee extension

A

means to straighten the knee, or to increase the angle of the joint

89
Q

Knee flexion

A

is bending the knee (decreasing the angle of the joint).

90
Q

Lateral rotation (external rotation)

A

refers to rotation away from the center of the body

91
Q

Internal rotation (medial rotation)

A

refers to rotation towards the central axis of the body

92
Q

iliopsoas

A

Psoas major and iliacus together

93
Q

Psoas Major

A

Origin: transverse bodies of all lumbar vertebra
Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur (with iliacus)
Action: hip flexion (or trunk flexion if femur is
stationary)
Innervation: lumbar plexus

94
Q

Iliacus

A

Origin: iliac fossa of ilium
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Action: hip flexion
Innervation: femoral nerve

95
Q

hip

A

is a ball and socket joint, permitting many ranges of movements, such as adduction, abduction, extension, flexion, and rotation. The “hip” refers to the ball and socket joint

96
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Origin: posterior gluteal line of the ilium, lower
sacrum, side of the coccyx
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity
Action: abducts, extends, laterally rotates hip joint
Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve

97
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Origin: gluteal surface of the ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Action: abducts thigh, stabilizes the hip joint
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

98
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

Origin: Gluteal surface of the ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Abducts thigh, stabilizes hip joint
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve

99
Q

TFL

A

– tensor fascia latae
Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion: iliotibial tract
Action: abducts and internally rotates thigh,
stabilizes hip and knee joints
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

100
Q

Obturator externus

A

Action: lateral rotation of thigh

Innervation: obturator nerve

101
Q

Obturator internus

A

Action: lateral rotation of thigh

Innervation: spinal nerves S1-3

102
Q

Superior gemellus

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip
joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1

103
Q

Inferior gemellus

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip
joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1

104
Q

Quadratus Femoris

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction of hip joint

Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1

105
Q

Piriformis

A

Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip
joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5-S2

106
Q

Biceps Femoris

A

Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity; short head,
linea aspera of femur, lateral surface
Insertion: head of the fibula, lateral surface
Action: knee flexion, hip extension
Innervation: Long head - tibial nerve; Short head -
common fibular nerve

107
Q

Semitendinosus

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial surface of tibia
Action: knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve

108
Q

Semimembranosus

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of tibia
Action: knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve

109
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

Origin: AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine)
Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial
tuberosity
Action: knee extension, hip flexion
Innervation: femoral nerve

110
Q

Vastus Medialis

A 
Origin: intertrochanteric line of femur
     Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial 
     tuberosity
     Action: knee extension
     Innervation: femoral nerve
111
Q

Vastus Lateralis

A 
Origin: greater trochanter of femur
     Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial 
     tuberosity
     Action: knee extension
     Innervation: femoral nerve
112
Q

Vastus Intermedius

A

Origin: anterior/lateral surfaces of femur
Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial
tuberosity
Action: knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerve

113
Q

Adductor Longus

A

Origin: front of the pubis
Insertion: linea aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve

114
Q

Adductor Brevis

A

Origin: superior and inferior rami of the pubis
Insertion: medial shaft femur, into the upper linea
aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve

115
Q

Adductor Magnus

A

Origin: inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: adductor tubercle, medial condyle of the
femur, linea aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve

116
Q

Gracilis

A

Origin: lower half of pubic symphysis
Insertion: superior shaft of tibia
Action: adductor of the thigh, flexes knee
Innervation: obturator nerve

117
Q

Pectineus

A

Origin: pectineal line
Insertion: posterior surface of the femur
Action: adducts thigh
Innervation: femoral nerve

118
Q

Sartorius

A

Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion: superior shaft of tibia
Action: Hip: flexion, abduction, external rotation;
Knee: flexion, internal rotation
Innervation: femoral nerve

119
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia
Insertion: base of metatarsal 1, medial cuneiform
Action: dorsiflexion, inversion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

120
Q

Extensor Digitorum longus

A

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia
Insertion: distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Action: extends digits 2-5, dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

121
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

Origin: anterior surface of fibula
Insertion: dorsal surface of digit 1 (great toe)
Action: extension of digit 1, dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

122
Q

Peroneus Brevis

A

Origin: lateral, distal fibula
Insertion: lateral side of 5th metatarsal
Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate)
Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve

123
Q

Peroneus Longus

A

Origin: posterior surface of tibia, superior fibula
Insertion: base of metatarsal 1
Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate)
Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve

124
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Origin: medial and lateral heads: posterior surfaces
of medial and lateral femoral condyles
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via
Achilles tendon
Action: plantarflexion of foot, knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve

125
Q

Soleus

A

Origin: posterior surface of fibula, medial region of
posterior tibia
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles
tendon
Action: plantarflexion of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve

126
Q

Tibialis Posterior

A

Origin: posterior surface of tibia, interosseous
membrane, medial surface of fibula
Insertion: navicular bone, cuneiforms (3), cuboid, and
metatarsals 2-4
Action: plantarflexion, inversion and adduction of
foot
Innervation: tibial nerve

127
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Origin: posterior surface of tibia
Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanges 2-5
Action: flexion of digits 2-5; inversion and
plantarflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

128
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

A

Origin: posterior fibula
Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanx of digit 1
(great toe)
Action: flexion of digit 1, inversion and plantarflexion
of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve (deep peroneal branch)

129
Q

Voluntary control

A

means a conscious decision is made to move this type of muscle.

130
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

allows for conscious movement of the body and limbs

131
Q

involuntary control

A

contraction of this muscle happens without a conscious decision exampled: Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

132
Q

Smooth muscle

A

is found within the internal organs of the body, such as the digestive tract and blood vessels

133
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

is only found within the heart

134
Q

striated

A

or striped in appearance- cardiac and skeletal muscle are striated

135
Q

antagonistic pair

A

requires a flexor and extensor

136
Q

flexor

A

bends the joint and brings the limb toward the body

137
Q

extensor

A

straightens the joint and extends the limb

138
Q

Flexion

A

closing of a joint, “bending”

139
Q

Extension

A

opening of a joint, “straightening”

140
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from midline

141
Q

Adduction

A

movement towards midline

142
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)

143
Q

Plantarflexion

A

flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)

144
Q

Radial Deviation

A

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

145
Q

Ulnar Deviation

A

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

146
Q

Pronation

A

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly

(or) rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally

147
Q

Supination

A

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly

(or) rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially

148
Q

Elevation

A

upward movement of a structure

149
Q

Depression

A

downward movement of a structure

150
Q

Retraction

A

movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)

151
Q

Protraction

A

movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)

152
Q

muscle fiber

A

is a cell containing thousands of myofibrils

153
Q

Myofibrils

A

which are the contractile portions of the fibers. Cylindrical in shape and run the length of the muscle fiber

154
Q

light and dark bands

A

called striations (in myofibrils)

155
Q

sarcomeres

A

a structural unit of a myofibrils in striated muscle

156
Q

sarcomere contains two types of protein myofilaments

A

myosin

actin

157
Q

myofilaments

A

filaments

158
Q

myosin

A

The thick filaments are made up of a protein

159
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments are made up of a protein

160
Q

Z lines

A

connect parallel bands of thin filaments

161
Q

M line

A

hold together the thick filaments

162
Q

I band (light band)

A

appears light when stained because it only contains thin filaments

163
Q

A band (dark band)

A

contains thin and thick filaments; however, it stains darker because it contains the thick filaments

164
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

when the nerve impulses reach the muscle

165
Q

acetylcholine

A

(a special chemical called a neurotransmitter) is released from the motor nerve ending. It binds to receptors on the muscle cell, opening sodium channels and allowing sodium to flow inside the sarcoplasm.

166
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

167
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle fiber

168
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

is a specialized type of smoother ER found within striated muscle tissue

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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