Module 5 Flashcards
3 Muscle types:
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
conscious control
When a person can consciously decide to use these muscles to complete an action. Communication within the body to coordinate movement starts in the brain with a message that is sent through the spinal cord and eventually attaches to a muscle.
Peripheral nerves
carry the signal from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to a specific muscle destination to provide movement
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
motor actions
Messages from the central nervous system to a muscle
sensory input
when nerves carry information from the external environment to the central nervous system, a.k.a sensation
Tendons
connect muscle to bone- connective tissues that connect skeletal muscle to bone at each end. Flexible, can bend at the joints, and help cushion against sudden movement
Ligaments
connect bone tissue to bone. connective tissue that connects bone to bone, helping to stabilize joints where bones meet
All skeletal muscles have:
an origin
insertion
action
origin
the bony site of attachment that is stationary during the movement
insertion
insertion of a muscle is the bony site of attachment that is moved by the muscle contraction
action
is what effect is produced by the muscle’s contraction. For example, the triceps are the primary extensor of the forearms
innervation
the peripheral nerve that supplies a muscle with the message from the brain. For example, the innervation of the biceps brachii is the musculocutaneous nerve
CN
means cranial nerve
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that originate on the ventral surface of the brain
Orbicularis oculi
Action: eye closure
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
Orbicularis oris
Action: mouth closure: closes lips, protrudes lips
forward, presses lips against teeth
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
Zygomaticus major/minor
Action: pull corners of lips upward
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
Risorius
Action: pulls the corners of the mouth posteriorly
(grin or grimace)
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
Frontalis (occipitofrontailis)
Action: raise eyebrows
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
Buccinator
Action: compress cheeks
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
Masseter
Action: jaw closure
Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V, mandibular
branch)
Temporalis
Action: Elevates mandible, closes jaw
Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V, mandibular
branch)
lateral flexion
Side bending of the neck is also called side flexion or lateral flexion, which refers to moving one of the ears to the same side shoulder
Neck flexion
refers to the action of moving the chin towards the sternum
bilaterally
there are several muscles that have differing actions if acting together on both sides
unilaterally
acting on one side only
Semispinalis Capitis
Origin: articular processes of inferior cervical &
transverse process of superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: occipital bone
Action:
Bilateral extend head
Unilateral laterally flexes neck to same side
Innervation: spinal nerves
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: sternal end of clavicle and manubrium
Insertion: mastoid region of skull
Action:
Bilateral: neck flexion
Unilateral: turns face to opposite side
Innervation: accessory nerve (CN XI)
Splenius Capitis
Origin: spinous process/ligaments of inferior cervical
vertebrae
Insertion: mastoid process, occipital bone of skull
Action:
Bilateral extend head
Unilateral laterally flexes neck to same side
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
Longissimus cervicis
Origin: transverse processes of superior thoracic
vertebrae
Insertion: transverse process of middle and superior
cervical vertebrae
Action:
Bilateral extend head
Unilateral laterally flexes neck to same side
Innervation: cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Longissimus thoracis
Origin: transverse process of all thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae
Insertion: transverse processes of all thoracic
vertebrae
Action:
Bilateral extension of spine
Unilaterally: lateral flexion of spine
Innervation: thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Thyrohyoid
Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: elevates thyroid, depresses hyoid bone
Innervation: hypoglossal nerve
Scalenes
(anterior, middle, posterior)
Origin: transverse processes of C2- C7
Insertion: first and second ribs
Action: elevates ribs 1 & 2
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
Flexion of the spine
refers to forward bending the trunk (such as a “cat” stretch)
Extension of the spine
refers backward bending
lateral flexion
side bending of the vertebral column
rotation
movement around an axis
Spinalis:
Medial column of erector spinae
Made up of three divisions (spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis)
Longissimus:
Intermediate column of erector spinae
Made up of three divisions (longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitits)
Iliocostalis:
Lateral column of erector spinae
Made up of three divisions (iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis)
Rectus abdominis
Origin: pubic crest, pubic symphysis
Insertion: pubis, cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid
process
Action: flexion of spine, compression of abdominal
viscera
Innervation: spinal nerves (T 7-T 12)
External oblique
Origin: sternum, ribs (5-12)
Insertion: linea alba, iliac crest
Action:
Bilaterally: flexion of the spine, compress the
abdomen;
Unilaterally: flexes trunk to same side, rotates
to opposite side
Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves
Internal oblique
Origin: iliac crest, lumbodorsal fascia
Insertion: inferior ribs, linea alba
Action: compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes
spine
Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves
Transverse abdominis
– deep to internal oblique
Origin: lateral inguinal ligament, inner iliac crest
Insertion: linea alba, pubis
Action: compression of abdomen
Innervation: first lumbar nerve (T 7- L1), iliohypogastric (T12-L1), ilioinguinal (T12-L1)
Diaphragm
Origin: cartilage of ribs 7-12, xiphoid process, lumbar
vertebrae
Insertion: anterior longitudinal ligament (vertebral
column)
Action: expands thoracic cavity, compresses
abdominal cavity
Innervation: phrenic nerve (C3-5)
Internal Intercostals
Origin: superior border of ribs 2-12
Insertion: inferior of ribs above (1-11)
Action: depresses ribs (forced expiration)
Innervation: intercostal nerves
External Intercostals
Origin: lower border of ribs 1-11
Insertion: upper border of ribs below (1-12)
Action: elevates ribs (normal inspiration)
Innervation: intercostal nerves
Trapezius
Trapezius (upper, middle, lower)
Origin: occipital bone, spinous process of T1-12
Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion, and scapular
spine of scapula
Action: rotation, retraction, elevation, depression of
scapula; extends neck and stabilizes shoulder
Innervation: Accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve 11)
Levator scapulae
Origin: transverse process of C1-4
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: elevates scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
Rhomboids
Rhomboids (major, minor)
Origin: spinous process (minor: C7-T1) (major: T2-5)
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: retraction of scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nervePectoralis minor
Origin: ribs 3-5
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action: elevates ribs, draws scapula down and
medially
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
Serratus Anterior
Origin: upper 8-9 ribs
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: protraction of scapula
Innervation: long thoracic nerve
rotator cuff
is necessary to stabilize the humeral head inside the shoulder joint. Made up of the “SITS” muscles.
SITS muscles:
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
Deltoid
Deltoid (anterior, posterior, middle)
Origin: clavicle and scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: abduction at shoulder (whole muscle)
Innervation: axillary nerve
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis major
Origin: ribs 2-6, body of sternum
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: flexion, adduction and medial rotation at
shoulder
Innervation: pectoral nerves
Supraspinatus
Supraspinatus (above spine of scapula)
Origin: supraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: abduction at the shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve
Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus (below spine of scapula)
Origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve
Teres Minor
Origin: lateral border of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: axillary nerve
Teres Major
– not part of the rotator cuff
Origin: inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at
shoulder
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve
Subscapularis
– along inner surface of the scapula
Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Action: medial rotation at the shoulder
Innervation: subscapular nerves
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: spinous process of inferior thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at
shoulder
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
Coracobrachialis
Origin: coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: medial shaft of humerus
Action: adduction and flexion at shoulder
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
Biceps brachii
Origin: short head- coracoid process; long head-
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion: tuberosity of radius
Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
Brachialis
Origin: anterior/distal surface of humerus
Insertion: tuberosity of ulna
Action: flexion at elbow
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve and radial
nerve
Brachioradialis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: lateral aspect of styloid process of radius
Action: flexion at elbow
Innervation: radial nerve
Triceps
(long head, lateral head, medial head)
Origin:
Lateral head – superior, lateral margin on
humerus
Long head – infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Medial head – posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: olecranon of ulna
Action: extension at elbow
Innervation: radial nerve
Pronator Teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: mid-lateral surface of radius
Action: pronation
Innervation: median nerve
Supinator
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: anterolateral surface of radius
Action: supination
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Flexor carpi radialis
Action: wrist flexion, radial deviation of the hand
Innervation: median nerve
Palmaris longus
Action: wrist flexion
Innervation: median nerve
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Action: wrist flexion, ulnar deviation of the hand
Innervation: ulnar nerve
Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
Action: flexion of the wrist and digits 2-5 (middle
and proximal phalanx)
Innervation: median nerve
Flexor pollicis longus
Action: flexion of thumb
Innervation: median nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
Action: wrist flexion, flexion of digits 2-5 (distal
phalanx)
Innervation: palmar interosseous nerve
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Action: extension, abduction of the wrist
Innervation: radial nerve
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Action: extension, abduction of the wrist
Innervation: radial nerve
Extensor digitorum
Action: wrist extension, extension of digits 2-5
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Extensor digiti minimi (digit 5)
Action: wrist extension, extension of digit 5
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Action: extension, adduction of the wrist
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Abductor pollicis longus (APL)
Action: abduction of wrist and thumb
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)
Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
Action: thumb extension, wrist abduction
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Extensor indicis (EI)
Action: extension of wrist and digit 2
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Hip extension
Hip extension involves moving the thigh posteriorly (or backward movement of the thigh)
Hip flexion
is moving the thigh anteriorly (or forward movement of the thigh)
Knee extension
means to straighten the knee, or to increase the angle of the joint
Knee flexion
is bending the knee (decreasing the angle of the joint).
Lateral rotation (external rotation)
refers to rotation away from the center of the body
Internal rotation (medial rotation)
refers to rotation towards the central axis of the body
iliopsoas
Psoas major and iliacus together
Psoas Major
Origin: transverse bodies of all lumbar vertebra
Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur (with iliacus)
Action: hip flexion (or trunk flexion if femur is
stationary)
Innervation: lumbar plexus
Iliacus
Origin: iliac fossa of ilium
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Action: hip flexion
Innervation: femoral nerve
hip
is a ball and socket joint, permitting many ranges of movements, such as adduction, abduction, extension, flexion, and rotation. The “hip” refers to the ball and socket joint
Gluteus maximus
Origin: posterior gluteal line of the ilium, lower
sacrum, side of the coccyx
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity
Action: abducts, extends, laterally rotates hip joint
Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus medius
Origin: gluteal surface of the ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Action: abducts thigh, stabilizes the hip joint
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Gluteus minimus
Origin: Gluteal surface of the ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Abducts thigh, stabilizes hip joint
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
TFL
– tensor fascia latae
Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion: iliotibial tract
Action: abducts and internally rotates thigh,
stabilizes hip and knee joints
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Obturator externus
Action: lateral rotation of thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve
Obturator internus
Action: lateral rotation of thigh
Innervation: spinal nerves S1-3
Superior gemellus
Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip
joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1
Inferior gemellus
Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip
joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1
Quadratus Femoris
Action: lateral rotation, adduction of hip joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5, S1
Piriformis
Action: lateral rotation, adduction, extension of hip
joint
Innervation: spinal nerves L5-S2
Biceps Femoris
Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity; short head,
linea aspera of femur, lateral surface
Insertion: head of the fibula, lateral surface
Action: knee flexion, hip extension
Innervation: Long head - tibial nerve; Short head -
common fibular nerve
Semitendinosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial surface of tibia
Action: knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve
Semimembranosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of tibia
Action: knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve
Rectus Femoris
Origin: AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine)
Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial
tuberosity
Action: knee extension, hip flexion
Innervation: femoral nerve
Vastus Medialis
Origin: intertrochanteric line of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial
tuberosity
Action: knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerveVastus Lateralis
Origin: greater trochanter of femur
Insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon; tibial
tuberosity
Action: knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerveVastus Intermedius
Origin: anterior/lateral surfaces of femur
Insertion: common tendon of the quadriceps to tibial
tuberosity
Action: knee extension
Innervation: femoral nerve
Adductor Longus
Origin: front of the pubis
Insertion: linea aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve
Adductor Brevis
Origin: superior and inferior rami of the pubis
Insertion: medial shaft femur, into the upper linea
aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve
Adductor Magnus
Origin: inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: adductor tubercle, medial condyle of the
femur, linea aspera
Action: adducts, medially rotates thigh
Innervation: obturator nerve
Gracilis
Origin: lower half of pubic symphysis
Insertion: superior shaft of tibia
Action: adductor of the thigh, flexes knee
Innervation: obturator nerve
Pectineus
Origin: pectineal line
Insertion: posterior surface of the femur
Action: adducts thigh
Innervation: femoral nerve
Sartorius
Origin: ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion: superior shaft of tibia
Action: Hip: flexion, abduction, external rotation;
Knee: flexion, internal rotation
Innervation: femoral nerve
Tibialis Anterior
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia
Insertion: base of metatarsal 1, medial cuneiform
Action: dorsiflexion, inversion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Extensor Digitorum longus
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia
Insertion: distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Action: extends digits 2-5, dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Extensor hallucis longus
Origin: anterior surface of fibula
Insertion: dorsal surface of digit 1 (great toe)
Action: extension of digit 1, dorsiflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Peroneus Brevis
Origin: lateral, distal fibula
Insertion: lateral side of 5th metatarsal
Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate)
Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve
Peroneus Longus
Origin: posterior surface of tibia, superior fibula
Insertion: base of metatarsal 1
Action: plantarflex and evert foot (pronate)
Innervation: superficial peroneal nerve
Gastrocnemius
Origin: medial and lateral heads: posterior surfaces
of medial and lateral femoral condyles
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via
Achilles tendon
Action: plantarflexion of foot, knee flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve
Soleus
Origin: posterior surface of fibula, medial region of
posterior tibia
Insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles
tendon
Action: plantarflexion of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve
Tibialis Posterior
Origin: posterior surface of tibia, interosseous
membrane, medial surface of fibula
Insertion: navicular bone, cuneiforms (3), cuboid, and
metatarsals 2-4
Action: plantarflexion, inversion and adduction of
foot
Innervation: tibial nerve
Flexor digitorum longus
Origin: posterior surface of tibia
Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanges 2-5
Action: flexion of digits 2-5; inversion and
plantarflexion of foot
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Flexor hallucis longus
Origin: posterior fibula
Insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanx of digit 1
(great toe)
Action: flexion of digit 1, inversion and plantarflexion
of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve (deep peroneal branch)
Voluntary control
means a conscious decision is made to move this type of muscle.
Skeletal muscle tissue
allows for conscious movement of the body and limbs
involuntary control
contraction of this muscle happens without a conscious decision exampled: Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
is found within the internal organs of the body, such as the digestive tract and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle
is only found within the heart
striated
or striped in appearance- cardiac and skeletal muscle are striated
antagonistic pair
requires a flexor and extensor
flexor
bends the joint and brings the limb toward the body
extensor
straightens the joint and extends the limb
Flexion
closing of a joint, “bending”
Extension
opening of a joint, “straightening”
Abduction
movement away from midline
Adduction
movement towards midline
Dorsiflexion
flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up”)
Plantarflexion
flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)
Radial Deviation
lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius
Ulnar Deviation
medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna
Pronation
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly
(or) rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally
Supination
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly
(or) rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially
Elevation
upward movement of a structure
Depression
downward movement of a structure
Retraction
movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Protraction
movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
muscle fiber
is a cell containing thousands of myofibrils
Myofibrils
which are the contractile portions of the fibers. Cylindrical in shape and run the length of the muscle fiber
light and dark bands
called striations (in myofibrils)
sarcomeres
a structural unit of a myofibrils in striated muscle
sarcomere contains two types of protein myofilaments
myosin
actin
myofilaments
filaments
myosin
The thick filaments are made up of a protein
Actin
thin filaments are made up of a protein
Z lines
connect parallel bands of thin filaments
M line
hold together the thick filaments
I band (light band)
appears light when stained because it only contains thin filaments
A band (dark band)
contains thin and thick filaments; however, it stains darker because it contains the thick filaments
neuromuscular junction
when the nerve impulses reach the muscle
acetylcholine
(a special chemical called a neurotransmitter) is released from the motor nerve ending. It binds to receptors on the muscle cell, opening sodium channels and allowing sodium to flow inside the sarcoplasm.
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
cell membrane of a muscle fiber
sarcoplasmic reticulum
is a specialized type of smoother ER found within striated muscle tissue
