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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Long bones

A

long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement.

Examples
humerus
ulna
radius
tibia
fibula
metacarpals
metatarsals
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2
Q

Flat bones

A

(such as in the cranium) form the roof of the skull to protect the brain

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3
Q

Short bones

A

small and cube-shaped.

The carpals in the hand
tarsals in the foot

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4
Q

Irregular bones

A

varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces.

The vertebrae are irregular bones designed to protect the spinal cord as well as enable spinal movements. The pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) are also irregular bones

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5
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

small and flat, reinforcing tendons.

The patella is an example of a sesamoid bone

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6
Q

bone landmarks

A

ridges, grooves, or holes

Bone landmarks serve several functions. Some bone landmarks allow for tendons to attach. Other markings indicate where nerves and blood vessels run alongside the bone or penetrate the bone to provide blood and nervous supply

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7
Q

Foramen, canal, fissure

A

openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway- type of bone landmark

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8
Q

Sinus

A

hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air- bone landmark

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9
Q

Process, ramus

A

elevations in bone

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10
Q

Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

A

processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment

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11
Q

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

A

processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones

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12
Q

Fossa, sulcus

A

depressions in bone

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13
Q

Two main divisions on skeleton:

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

axial skeleton

A

lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic (rib) cage

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15
Q

skull

A

formed by 22 bones: the cranium (8 bones) and facial bones (14 bones)

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16
Q

cranium

A

protects the brains and is composed of eight bones fitted tightly together in adults

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17
Q

fontanelles

A

In newborns, certain bones are not completely formed and instead are joined by membranous regions called fontanelles, commonly called “soft spots.” Fontanelles allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth and expand to accommodate a rapidly growing infant brain. These regions begin to close around two months but may last up to two years.

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18
Q

4 large bones of the cranium:

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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19
Q

frontal bone

A

top of the cranium, forms the forehead.

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20
Q

parietal bones

A

(two, paired bones) extend to the sides

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21
Q

occipital bone

A

curves to form the base of the skull

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22
Q

temporal bone

A

has an opening that leads to the middle ear

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23
Q

sphenoid bone

A

not only completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets

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24
Q

ethmoid bone

A

which lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum. The sphenoid and ethmoid bones lie largely inside the skull

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25
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem

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26
Q

sinuses

A

air spaces lined by mucous membrane Sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice

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27
Q

Mastoiditis

A

a condition that can lead to deafness, is an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses

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28
Q

sinusitis

A

sinus infection, occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy.

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29
Q

foramina

A

(of the skull) allow for many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord

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30
Q

foramen magnum

A

allows for passage of the spinal cord into the skull

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31
Q

carotid canal

A

opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery

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32
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

is for transmission of sound, also located within the temporal bone

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33
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw, is the only movable portion of the skull

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34
Q

maxillae

A

the upper jaw, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen

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35
Q

zygomatic bones

A

give us our cheekbone prominences

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36
Q

nasal bones

A

form the bridge of the nose

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37
Q

palatine bones

A

make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity

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38
Q

lacrimal bone

A

thin, scale-like bone that lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone

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39
Q

vomer

A

thin, flat, joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum

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40
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae

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41
Q

middle and superior nasal conchae

A

formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone. The nasal conchae act to swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system

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42
Q

only non-paired bones in facial skeleton:

A

mandible

vomer

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43
Q

vertebral column

A

extends from the skull to the pelvis. In a typical spine, the vertebral column has four curvatures that provide more resilience and strength in an upright posture than a straight column could

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44
Q

4 curvatures in vertebral column

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar 
sacrum
coccyx
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45
Q

cervical

A

neck

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46
Q

thoracic

A

back, ribs

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47
Q

lumbar

A

lower back

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48
Q

sacrum, and coccyx

A

tail

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49
Q

vertebral foramen

A

When the vertebrae join. Through which the spinal cord passes.

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50
Q

Vertebral column numbers of vertebrae per section:

A 
7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
one sacrum
one coccyx
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51
Q

spinous processes

A

located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae

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52
Q

palpated

A

examined externally by touch

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53
Q

articular facets

A

allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other

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54
Q

cervical vertebra

A

has a long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly (except for C1). The cervical vertebral bodies are small, and the vertebral foramen are large

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55
Q

transverse processes

A

have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins.

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56
Q

thoracic vertebra

A

long, thin spinous process that does not split. The spinous process points inferiorly. The vertebral bodies are medium-sized and contain facets for rib articulations. The transverse processes also have costal facets for rib articulations. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae, all of which contain the facets for rib articulations except for T11 and T12.

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57
Q

lumbar vertebra

A

has a shorter spinous process that is broader and points posteriorly. The vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine are the largest, enabling it to support the weight of the head, neck, trunk, and upper limbs. The transverse processes are shorter and have no costal facets. The vertebral foramen of the lumbar spine are the smallest and triangular-shaped

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58
Q

sacrum

A

comprised of five fused bones at the base of the spine. The base of the sacrum is the widest portion, which articulates with the L5 vertebra above it.

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59
Q

coccyx

A

comprised of four to five fused vertebrae, which typically begin to fuse by around age 25

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60
Q

ribs

A

All 12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

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61
Q

floating ribs

A

ribs 11 and 12 they do not attach to the sternum

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62
Q

3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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63
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the attached limbs. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and upper limbs (arms) are specialized for flexibility and increased range of motion, while the pelvic girdle and lower limbs are specialized for strength.

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64
Q

pectoral girdle

A

AKA the shoulder girdle, is composed of two clavicles and two scapulae. Each clavicle (collarbone) connects with the sternum anteriorly and the scapula (shoulder blade) posteriorly

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65
Q

scapula

A

(shoulder blade) posteriorly. The scapula is freely movable and held in place only by muscles and ligaments. The attachment of the scapula allows it to follow the many movements of the arm.

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66
Q

acromion process

A

projects from the scapular spine, which can be seen from both the posterior and anterior views. The acromion process connects to the clavicle anteriorly.

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67
Q

neck of the scapula

A

on the lateral side contains the glenoid cavity

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68
Q

glenoid cavity

A

where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula. The anterior side of the scapula contains the subscapular fossa.

69
Q

coracoid process

A

projects anteriorly from the scapula, allowing for muscular attachment.

70
Q

humerus

A

The single long bone in the upper arm, has a smoothly rounded head that fits into a socket of the scapula at the glenoid cavity

71
Q

Dislocation

A

of a joint means that the bone is removed from its socket. Dislocation of the shoulder occurs when the head of the humerus is removed from the glenoid cavity in any direction.

72
Q

Humerus is comprised of what? (5 parts)

A 
the head
neck
shaft
capitulum
trochlea
73
Q

capitulum

A

articulates with a small portion of the radius

74
Q

trochlea

A

articulates with the ulna

75
Q

medial epicondyle (humerus)

A

can be palpated on the medial side of the arm at the elbow.

76
Q

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

A

can be palpated on the lateral side of the arm at the elbow.

77
Q

two bones of the lower arm

A

ulna

radius

78
Q

olecranon process

A

(of ulna) the prominent bone that can be palpated in the elbow posteriorly

79
Q

How many carpal bones are there in the wrist?

A

8

80
Q

carpal bones

A

look like small pebbles

81
Q

Two kinds of carpal bones:

A

proximal

distal

82
Q

Proximal carpal bones:

A

(from lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform.

83
Q

Distal carpal bones:

A

(from lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

84
Q

How many metacarpals are there?

A

5

85
Q

metacarpal bones

A

fan out to form a framework for the palm.

86
Q

phalanges

A

the bones of the fingers and the thumb and toes

87
Q

pelvic girdle

A

consists of two heavy, large coxal bones

88
Q

coxal bones

A

also called ossa coxae or innominate bones, are anchored to the sacrum posteriorly via a network of ligaments. Together, these bones form a hollow cavity.

89
Q

The coxal bones are symmetrical and formed by the fusion of three bones:

A

ilium
ischium
pubis.

90
Q

ilium

A

the most superior of the sections and can be palpated on the lateral sides of the hips

91
Q

ischium

A

bones are also known as the “sits” bones as these are the bony landmarks that can be felt when sitting upright in a chair

92
Q

pubis

A

forms the center anteriorly, connected by the pubic symphysis

93
Q

ASIS

A

anterior superior iliac spine- bone landmark for muscle attachment on anterior portion of the ilium.

94
Q

AIIS

A

anterior inferior iliac spine- bone landmark located on the anterior portion of the ilium

95
Q

pubic arch

A

is wider in females than in males. These differences are to accommodate childbearing.

96
Q

pubic brim

A

also known as the pelvic outlet, is shaped more like a circle in males and an oval in females. These differences are to accommodate childbearing.

97
Q

femur

A

The largest, longest single bone in the body is the femur. The head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle at the acetabulum

98
Q

acetabulum

A

called the hip joint

99
Q

patella

A

sits anteriorly to the femur, formed within the quadriceps femoris tendon

100
Q

2 bones of the lower leg:

A

tibia (medial)

fibula (lateral)

101
Q

Tibia

A

The larger of the two bones, the tibia, has a ridge that can be easily palpated anteriorly.

102
Q

medial malleolus

A

a prominence that contributes to the ankle, from the tibia (on medial side of ankle)

103
Q

lateral malleolus

A

a prominence that contributes to the ankle from the fibula (on lateral side of ankle)

104
Q

7 tarsal bones that make up ankle:

A

medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, and calcaneus

105
Q

tarsal bones

A

ankle bones

106
Q

metatarsal

A

5 bones that span the distance between the ankle and toes.

107
Q

hallux

A

great toe, first metarsal

108
Q

side of the phalanges

A

distal
middle
proximal

(but big toe and thumb only have distal and proximal- no middle).

109
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones.

110
Q

Red bone marrow

A

is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells. Newborns have all red bone marrow, and over time it is converted to yellow bone marrow in long bones.

111
Q

diaphysis

A

or center length of the bone

112
Q

compact bone

A

The solid outer layer of the bone

113
Q

proximal and distal epiphysis

A

On the ends of each long bone

114
Q

articular cartilage

A

within the joints- to help cushion joints and enable them to move freely

115
Q

cartilage

A

is another type of connective tissue, but the matrix is flexible

116
Q

Articular cartilage

A

is cartilage found specifically at joint articulations

117
Q

compact bone

A

The solid outer layer of the bone

118
Q

osteons

A

(formerly called Haversian systems) in which osteocytes in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals.

119
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

120
Q

how does a compact bone renew itself?

A

contains many osteons in which osteocytes in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals. The center canals contain blood vessels and nerves. The blood vessels bring the nutrients that allow the bone to renew itself.

121
Q

Spongy bone

A

contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces. Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for strength. Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow lines of stress.

122
Q

osteoclasts

A

Bone absorbing cells, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood

123
Q

The destruction caused by the work of osteoclasts is repaired by what?

A

osteoblasts

124
Q

ossification

A

When the cartilaginous models of bones are converted to bones. This happens when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.

125
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage. Endochondral ossification begins at the primary ossification center in the middle of the bone.

126
Q

growth plate

A

Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the medullary cavity. Later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones. A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length.

127
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue

128
Q

Closed (or simple) fractures

A

occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin

129
Q

open (or compound) fracture

A

occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin

130
Q

greenstick fracture

A

occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across. This type of fracture occurs commonly in children because the bone tissue is still developing and soft.

131
Q

comminuted fracture

A

happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments

132
Q

impacted fracture

A

occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.

133
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. Degenerative changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use

134
Q

osteoarthritis

A

or 0ld-age-arthritis, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates. The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint. This type of arthritis is apt to affect the joints that have received the greatest use over the years.

135
Q

Osteoporosis

A

is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

136
Q

3 joint classifications:

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

137
Q

Fibrous joints

A

such as those between the cranial bones, are immovable

138
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

such as those between the vertebrae, are slightly movable

139
Q

synovial joints

A

Most joints are freely movable synovial joints in which bones are separated by a joint cavity

140
Q

Ligaments

A

composed of fibrous connective tissue, bind the bones together

141
Q

joint capsule

A

The ligaments hold the bones in place as they form a joint capsule. The joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid.

142
Q

synovial fluid

A

a lubricant for the joint

143
Q

hinge joints

A

largely permit movement in one direction only

The knee and elbow joints.

144
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

allow movement in all planes and even a rotational movement

hip (femur into pelvis) or shoulder

145
Q

saddle joint

A

allows the thumb to freely cross over the palm

146
Q

pivot joint

A

allows for rotational movement. A pivot joints in the cervical spine (C1 and C2) allow rotation of the vertebrae.

147
Q

sternoclavicular ligament

A

joins the sternum with the clavicle

148
Q

coracoclavicular ligament

A

joins the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle

149
Q

coracoacromial ligament

A

joins the coracoid process to the acromion of the scapula

150
Q

capsular ligament

A

(articular capsule) surrounds the head of the humerus and anchors it to the scapula

151
Q

coracohumeral ligament

A

connects the head of the humerus to the coracoid process of the scapula.

152
Q

ilioinguinal ligament

A

holds the ASIS of the ilium to the pubic bone

153
Q

iliofemoral ligament

A

attaches the femur to the ilium

154
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

connects the sacrum to each side of the uterus in females

155
Q

menisci

A

crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage which give added stability for the femur to articulate with the tibia

156
Q

bursae

A

The knee joint also contains thirteen fluid-filled sacs called bursae, which ease friction between tendons, ligaments, and bones.

157
Q

bursitis

A

Inflammation of the bursae in a joint

158
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

connecting the anterior vertebral bodies

159
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

connecting the posterior the vertebral bodies

160
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

connects the spinous process of two adjacent vertebrae

161
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

connects the posterior portion of the spinous processes

162
Q

intervertebral discs

A

found between the vertebrae that act as a kind of padding. They prevent the vertebrae from grinding against one another and absorb shock caused by movements such as running, jumping, and even walking. The presence of the disks allows motion between the vertebrae so that we can bend forward, backward, and from side to side without the vertebrae touching.

163
Q

herniated disc

A

Disks tend to become weakened with age and may slip or even rupture. For example, if the posterior longitudinal ligament becomes weakened, the center portion of the disc may bulge into the vertebral foramen

164
Q

5 types of bone:

A 
Long bones 
Flat bones 
Short bones
Irregular bones 
Sesamoid bones
165
Q

The skeleton

A

comprised of a network of bones held together at joints. The skeleton protects vital internal organs.

166
Q

Describe 5 of the things that skeletons do/offer?

A

The skeleton protects vital internal organs

bones are storage areas for inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts

bones provide sites for attachment of muscle, tendons, and ligaments.

The long bones, particularly those of the legs and the arms, permit flexible body movement.

The large, heavy bones of the legs support the body against the pull of gravity.

167
Q

5 anatomical regions of the vertebral column

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum 
coccyx
168
Q

digits

A

fingers or toes

169
Q

4 types of synovial joints

A

hinge
ball-in-socket
saddle
pivot

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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