Module 4 Flashcards
Long bones
long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement.
Examples humerus ulna radius tibia fibula metacarpals metatarsals
Flat bones
(such as in the cranium) form the roof of the skull to protect the brain
Short bones
small and cube-shaped.
The carpals in the hand
tarsals in the foot
Irregular bones
varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces.
The vertebrae are irregular bones designed to protect the spinal cord as well as enable spinal movements. The pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) are also irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
small and flat, reinforcing tendons.
The patella is an example of a sesamoid bone
bone landmarks
ridges, grooves, or holes
Bone landmarks serve several functions. Some bone landmarks allow for tendons to attach. Other markings indicate where nerves and blood vessels run alongside the bone or penetrate the bone to provide blood and nervous supply
Foramen, canal, fissure
openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway- type of bone landmark
Sinus
hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air- bone landmark
Process, ramus
elevations in bone
Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones
Fossa, sulcus
depressions in bone
Two main divisions on skeleton:
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic (rib) cage
skull
formed by 22 bones: the cranium (8 bones) and facial bones (14 bones)
cranium
protects the brains and is composed of eight bones fitted tightly together in adults
fontanelles
In newborns, certain bones are not completely formed and instead are joined by membranous regions called fontanelles, commonly called “soft spots.” Fontanelles allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth and expand to accommodate a rapidly growing infant brain. These regions begin to close around two months but may last up to two years.
4 large bones of the cranium:
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
frontal bone
top of the cranium, forms the forehead.
parietal bones
(two, paired bones) extend to the sides
occipital bone
curves to form the base of the skull
temporal bone
has an opening that leads to the middle ear
sphenoid bone
not only completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets
ethmoid bone
which lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum. The sphenoid and ethmoid bones lie largely inside the skull
foramen magnum
large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem
sinuses
air spaces lined by mucous membrane Sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound to the voice
Mastoiditis
a condition that can lead to deafness, is an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses
sinusitis
sinus infection, occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy.
foramina
(of the skull) allow for many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord
foramen magnum
allows for passage of the spinal cord into the skull
carotid canal
opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery
external acoustic meatus
is for transmission of sound, also located within the temporal bone
mandible
lower jaw, is the only movable portion of the skull
maxillae
the upper jaw, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen
zygomatic bones
give us our cheekbone prominences
nasal bones
form the bridge of the nose
palatine bones
make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity
lacrimal bone
thin, scale-like bone that lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone
vomer
thin, flat, joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum
inferior nasal conchae
bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae
middle and superior nasal conchae
formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone. The nasal conchae act to swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system
only non-paired bones in facial skeleton:
mandible
vomer
vertebral column
extends from the skull to the pelvis. In a typical spine, the vertebral column has four curvatures that provide more resilience and strength in an upright posture than a straight column could
4 curvatures in vertebral column
cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx
cervical
neck
thoracic
back, ribs
lumbar
lower back
sacrum, and coccyx
tail
vertebral foramen
When the vertebrae join. Through which the spinal cord passes.
Vertebral column numbers of vertebrae per section:
7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) one sacrum one coccyx
spinous processes
located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae
palpated
examined externally by touch
articular facets
allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other
cervical vertebra
has a long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly (except for C1). The cervical vertebral bodies are small, and the vertebral foramen are large
transverse processes
have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins.
thoracic vertebra
long, thin spinous process that does not split. The spinous process points inferiorly. The vertebral bodies are medium-sized and contain facets for rib articulations. The transverse processes also have costal facets for rib articulations. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae, all of which contain the facets for rib articulations except for T11 and T12.
lumbar vertebra
has a shorter spinous process that is broader and points posteriorly. The vertebral bodies of the lumbar spine are the largest, enabling it to support the weight of the head, neck, trunk, and upper limbs. The transverse processes are shorter and have no costal facets. The vertebral foramen of the lumbar spine are the smallest and triangular-shaped
sacrum
comprised of five fused bones at the base of the spine. The base of the sacrum is the widest portion, which articulates with the L5 vertebra above it.
coccyx
comprised of four to five fused vertebrae, which typically begin to fuse by around age 25
ribs
All 12 pairs of ribs connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
floating ribs
ribs 11 and 12 they do not attach to the sternum
3 parts of the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the attached limbs. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle and upper limbs (arms) are specialized for flexibility and increased range of motion, while the pelvic girdle and lower limbs are specialized for strength.
pectoral girdle
AKA the shoulder girdle, is composed of two clavicles and two scapulae. Each clavicle (collarbone) connects with the sternum anteriorly and the scapula (shoulder blade) posteriorly
scapula
(shoulder blade) posteriorly. The scapula is freely movable and held in place only by muscles and ligaments. The attachment of the scapula allows it to follow the many movements of the arm.
acromion process
projects from the scapular spine, which can be seen from both the posterior and anterior views. The acromion process connects to the clavicle anteriorly.
neck of the scapula
on the lateral side contains the glenoid cavity
glenoid cavity
where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula. The anterior side of the scapula contains the subscapular fossa.
coracoid process
projects anteriorly from the scapula, allowing for muscular attachment.
humerus
The single long bone in the upper arm, has a smoothly rounded head that fits into a socket of the scapula at the glenoid cavity
Dislocation
of a joint means that the bone is removed from its socket. Dislocation of the shoulder occurs when the head of the humerus is removed from the glenoid cavity in any direction.
Humerus is comprised of what? (5 parts)
the head neck shaft capitulum trochlea
capitulum
articulates with a small portion of the radius
trochlea
articulates with the ulna
medial epicondyle (humerus)
can be palpated on the medial side of the arm at the elbow.
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
can be palpated on the lateral side of the arm at the elbow.
two bones of the lower arm
ulna
radius
olecranon process
(of ulna) the prominent bone that can be palpated in the elbow posteriorly
How many carpal bones are there in the wrist?
8
carpal bones
look like small pebbles
Two kinds of carpal bones:
proximal
distal
Proximal carpal bones:
(from lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform.
Distal carpal bones:
(from lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
How many metacarpals are there?
5
metacarpal bones
fan out to form a framework for the palm.
phalanges
the bones of the fingers and the thumb and toes
pelvic girdle
consists of two heavy, large coxal bones
coxal bones
also called ossa coxae or innominate bones, are anchored to the sacrum posteriorly via a network of ligaments. Together, these bones form a hollow cavity.
The coxal bones are symmetrical and formed by the fusion of three bones:
ilium
ischium
pubis.
ilium
the most superior of the sections and can be palpated on the lateral sides of the hips
ischium
bones are also known as the “sits” bones as these are the bony landmarks that can be felt when sitting upright in a chair
pubis
forms the center anteriorly, connected by the pubic symphysis
ASIS
anterior superior iliac spine- bone landmark for muscle attachment on anterior portion of the ilium.
AIIS
anterior inferior iliac spine- bone landmark located on the anterior portion of the ilium
pubic arch
is wider in females than in males. These differences are to accommodate childbearing.
pubic brim
also known as the pelvic outlet, is shaped more like a circle in males and an oval in females. These differences are to accommodate childbearing.
femur
The largest, longest single bone in the body is the femur. The head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle at the acetabulum
acetabulum
called the hip joint
patella
sits anteriorly to the femur, formed within the quadriceps femoris tendon
2 bones of the lower leg:
tibia (medial)
fibula (lateral)
Tibia
The larger of the two bones, the tibia, has a ridge that can be easily palpated anteriorly.
medial malleolus
a prominence that contributes to the ankle, from the tibia (on medial side of ankle)
lateral malleolus
a prominence that contributes to the ankle from the fibula (on lateral side of ankle)
7 tarsal bones that make up ankle:
medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, and calcaneus
tarsal bones
ankle bones
metatarsal
5 bones that span the distance between the ankle and toes.
hallux
great toe, first metarsal
side of the phalanges
distal
middle
proximal
(but big toe and thumb only have distal and proximal- no middle).
Yellow bone marrow
is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones.
Red bone marrow
is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells. Newborns have all red bone marrow, and over time it is converted to yellow bone marrow in long bones.
diaphysis
or center length of the bone
compact bone
The solid outer layer of the bone
proximal and distal epiphysis
On the ends of each long bone
articular cartilage
within the joints- to help cushion joints and enable them to move freely
cartilage
is another type of connective tissue, but the matrix is flexible
Articular cartilage
is cartilage found specifically at joint articulations
compact bone
The solid outer layer of the bone
osteons
(formerly called Haversian systems) in which osteocytes in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals.
osteocytes
bone cells
how does a compact bone renew itself?
contains many osteons in which osteocytes in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals. The center canals contain blood vessels and nerves. The blood vessels bring the nutrients that allow the bone to renew itself.
Spongy bone
contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces. Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for strength. Just as braces are used for support in buildings, the solid portions of spongy bone follow lines of stress.
osteoclasts
Bone absorbing cells, break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood
The destruction caused by the work of osteoclasts is repaired by what?
osteoblasts
ossification
When the cartilaginous models of bones are converted to bones. This happens when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.
Endochondral ossification
the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage. Endochondral ossification begins at the primary ossification center in the middle of the bone.
growth plate
Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the medullary cavity. Later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones. A cartilaginous disk remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length.
Intramembranous ossification
is the formation of flat bones from connective tissue
Closed (or simple) fractures
occur when the bone breaks but remains within the skin
open (or compound) fracture
occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin
greenstick fracture
occurs when the bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across. This type of fracture occurs commonly in children because the bone tissue is still developing and soft.
comminuted fracture
happens when a bone is broken into more than two segments
impacted fracture
occurs when one end of the broken bone shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone.
rheumatoid arthritis
the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. Degenerative changes take place that make the joint almost immovable and painful to use
osteoarthritis
or 0ld-age-arthritis, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates. The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint. This type of arthritis is apt to affect the joints that have received the greatest use over the years.
Osteoporosis
is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.
3 joint classifications:
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Fibrous joints
such as those between the cranial bones, are immovable
Cartilaginous joints
such as those between the vertebrae, are slightly movable
synovial joints
Most joints are freely movable synovial joints in which bones are separated by a joint cavity
Ligaments
composed of fibrous connective tissue, bind the bones together
joint capsule
The ligaments hold the bones in place as they form a joint capsule. The joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid.
synovial fluid
a lubricant for the joint
hinge joints
largely permit movement in one direction only
The knee and elbow joints.
Ball-and-socket joints
allow movement in all planes and even a rotational movement
hip (femur into pelvis) or shoulder
saddle joint
allows the thumb to freely cross over the palm
pivot joint
allows for rotational movement. A pivot joints in the cervical spine (C1 and C2) allow rotation of the vertebrae.
sternoclavicular ligament
joins the sternum with the clavicle
coracoclavicular ligament
joins the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle
coracoacromial ligament
joins the coracoid process to the acromion of the scapula
capsular ligament
(articular capsule) surrounds the head of the humerus and anchors it to the scapula
coracohumeral ligament
connects the head of the humerus to the coracoid process of the scapula.
ilioinguinal ligament
holds the ASIS of the ilium to the pubic bone
iliofemoral ligament
attaches the femur to the ilium
uterosacral ligament
connects the sacrum to each side of the uterus in females
menisci
crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage which give added stability for the femur to articulate with the tibia
bursae
The knee joint also contains thirteen fluid-filled sacs called bursae, which ease friction between tendons, ligaments, and bones.
bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae in a joint
Anterior longitudinal ligament
connecting the anterior vertebral bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament
connecting the posterior the vertebral bodies
Interspinous ligaments
connects the spinous process of two adjacent vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament
connects the posterior portion of the spinous processes
intervertebral discs
found between the vertebrae that act as a kind of padding. They prevent the vertebrae from grinding against one another and absorb shock caused by movements such as running, jumping, and even walking. The presence of the disks allows motion between the vertebrae so that we can bend forward, backward, and from side to side without the vertebrae touching.
herniated disc
Disks tend to become weakened with age and may slip or even rupture. For example, if the posterior longitudinal ligament becomes weakened, the center portion of the disc may bulge into the vertebral foramen
5 types of bone:
Long bones Flat bones Short bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
The skeleton
comprised of a network of bones held together at joints. The skeleton protects vital internal organs.
Describe 5 of the things that skeletons do/offer?
The skeleton protects vital internal organs
bones are storage areas for inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts
bones provide sites for attachment of muscle, tendons, and ligaments.
The long bones, particularly those of the legs and the arms, permit flexible body movement.
The large, heavy bones of the legs support the body against the pull of gravity.
5 anatomical regions of the vertebral column
cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx
digits
fingers or toes
4 types of synovial joints
hinge
ball-in-socket
saddle
pivot
