Module 5-1 - Immune System Flashcards
Types of Blood Cell
Monocytes/Macrophages
Lymphocytes (B and T Cells)
Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast Cells)
RBC
Platelet
Granulocytes
blood cells with granules like heparin and histamine in the cytoplasm
Neutrophils (bacteria), Eosinophils (parasites and algae), Basophils (become mast cells)
In what situation does Neutrophilia and Microcytosis occur?
Infection
In what situation does Eosinophilia occur?
Allergies
In what situation does Lymphocytosis occur?
Viral Infection
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
an undifferentiated cell that can go down a progenitor line to make a very differentiated cell
What are the Host Defense Systems?
- Physical and Chemical Barriers to Infection
- Inflammatory Response (Non Specific)
- Immune Response (Specific)
Physical and Chemical Barriers to Infection
Skin
Mucous Membranes and Secretions
Inflammatory Response
Non specific response
occurs after tissue injury or infection
causes fever and inflammation
phagocytic WBCs, antimicrobial substances, and natural killer cells accumulate
Immune Response
Specific Response
Identifies self from non self (host v foreign)
Recognizes and eliminates altered host cells
Antigen-Antibody response
What induces fever?
Prostaglandins
Classic Infection Signs
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Warmth
What sort of trauma can cause an inflammatory response
Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Antigen
Immunogen
A molecule that can stimulate and immune response
It is usually a protein or large CHO (NOT LIPIDS OR NUCLEIC ACIDS)
Epitope / Antigenic Determinant
Discrete immunologically active sites on antigens
A single antigen has several antigenic determinants on it
Each can stimulate a distinct clone of lymphocytes
Antibodies attach here
Hapten and Hapten Carrier complex
Low molecular weight compound - Basically Hapten is a small compound
Can combine with carrier protein molecules to act like an antigen
Ex: Penicillin cannot cause a reaction alone so by carrying it on a carrier protein it is then large enough to cause an immune response
Protein structure?
Long chains of amino acids
Partial or Incomplete Antigen
The situation in which hapten can only induce antibodies if bound to another carrier protein or molecule
How many epitopes are on an antigen?
Multiple
They stick out all over
Why is each epitope different on an antigen?
They have different amino acid patterns so the antibody must be specific
The amino acids have a variable and constant portion and each site has a different shape so antibodies need to be specific to just that site
Names of Immune Cell Lymphocytes are based on…
their location of maturation
T Cell = Thymus
B Cell = Bone
Regulatory Lymphocytes
Assist in the immune response
These are Helper T cells
They activate other immune cells
Effector Lymphocytes
Final stage cells of the immune response
These are killer T cells
They ensure removal of foreign invaders
B Lymphocytes
10-20%
Mature in bone marrow
Used in Humoral or Antibody Mediated Immunity
Secrete Antibodies