Module 4 - Neoplasia Flashcards
Neoplasia
Cancer
Cell Cycle
Orderly sequence of events (usually) during which duplicated chromosomes align appropriately and results in cell proliferation
Body tissues are divided into three types based on ability to undergo regeneration, what are the 3 types?
- Continuously dividing/Labile
- Stable
- Permanent Tissue
Labile Tissue
Continuously dividing tissue that can regenerate easily and do so constantly
ex: skin, cervix, epithelium of the GI tract, fallopian tubes, bone marrow
Stable Tissue
These cells stop dividing once growth ceases, but can undergo regeneration in response to a stimulus
ex: Solid organs, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Permanent Tissue
These cells stop dividing once growth ceases, and have no further regeneration
When damaged, they are replaced with scar tissue, and this tissue lacks the cell’s functional characteristics
ex: Neural cells, cardiac cells, etc
Proliferation
Process of increasing cell numbers via mitotic division
It is the mechanisms for replacement when old cells die or additional cells are needed
What triggers proliferation?
Growth Factors (increase cell size and cell division)
Hormones
Cytokines
Growth cells stimulate proliferation usually, but they can also…
inhibit cell cycling or gene expression for other cells
ex: Erythropoietin, Granulocyte Colunate, Cytokines (All GH Examples)
Differentiation
Process by which the structure and function of a cell becomes more specialized
The new specialized cells get structural, microscopic, and functional characteristics of cells they replace.
Once the cell picks a line, they differentiate into mature cells of that line and stick to that line
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells that differentiate based on need in continuously dividing tissue
Examples of Differentiated Cells
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Stem Cell division includes what 3 processes?
Self Renewal
Asymmetric Replication
Differentiation
Self Renewal
Process where stem cells undergo numerous mitotic divisions in an undifferentiated state
More stem cells are made
Asymmetric Replication
Stem cell divides and one daughter cell remains an undifferentiated stem cells, but the other daughter cell will become a progenitor cells that differentiates based on progenitor lines
This is how we maintain stem cells in the body while having cells that go on to differentiate
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death in multicellular organisms that keeps the number of total cells constant in death
Macrophages will recognize the “not you” cells and remove them as well as cell lyses
The rate of proliferation is = to the rate of ____ in health
Apoptosis
Hypertrophy
enlargement or overgrowth of an organ due to an increase in the size of the cells
Neoplasia
Unregulated/Dysregulation of cell differentiation and growth
Autonomous, Unregulated, and Lacks Physiologic Control
process of formation or presence of a new abnormal growth of tissue that is not under physiologic control
“Cancer”
Neoplasm
New Growth; Swelling that is caused by different etiologic factors (ex: Inflammation, trauma, etc)
A “Tumor” - Benign or Malignant
Neoplasm
New Growth; Swelling that is caused by different etiologic factors
A “Tumor” - Benign or Malignant
What about Neoplasia leads to the formations of Neoplasms?
Proliferation forms new growths, and cells do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells constant –> therefore a neoplasm occurs
Benign Neoplasms are ___ Differentiated
Well Differentiated
What sort of factors determine if a tumor will be Benign or Malignant?
Characteristics of the cell (ex: Differentiation)
Local Invasion
Rate of Growth
Ability to Metastasize