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Biology > Module 4.3.1 Classification > Flashcards

Module 4.3.1 Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The study of classification

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3
Q

What are the groups in the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

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4
Q

Example of a domain?

A

Eukarya

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5
Q

Example of a kingdom?

A

Animalia

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6
Q

Example of a phylum?

A

Chordata

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7
Q

Example of a class?

A

Mammalia

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8
Q

Example of an order?

A

Primates

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9
Q

Example of a family?

A

Hominidae

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10
Q

Example of a genus?

A

Homo

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11
Q

Example of a species?

A

Sapiens

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12
Q

What is the naming system for species?

A

Binomial naming system
Internationally accepted Latin name

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13
Q

What is the first part of the binomial system?

A

Genus name
CAPITAL LETTER

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14
Q

What is the second part of the binomial system?

A

Species name
LOWER case

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15
Q

What are binomial names always written in?

A

Italics or UNDERLINED if WRITTEN

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16
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

-prokaryotae
-protoctista
-fungi
-plantae
-animalia

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17
Q

Example of prokaryotae?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Features of prokaryotae?

A

-prokaryotic
-unicellular
-no nucleus
-less than 5 micro metres

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19
Q

Example of a protoctista?

A

-algae
-Protozoa

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20
Q

Features of protoctista?

A

-Eukaryotic cells
-usually live in water
-single cells or multi-cellular

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21
Q

Examples of fungi?

A

Moulds
Yeast
Mushroom

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22
Q

Features of fungi?

A

-eukaryotic
-chitin cell wall
-saprotrophic
-single or multicellular

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23
Q

What does sapotrophic mean?

A

Absorbs substances from dead or decaying organisms

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24
Q

Examples of plantae?

A

Mosses
Ferns
Flowering plants

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25
Q

Features of plantae?

A

-eukaryotic
-multicellular
-cell walls made of cellulose
-autotrophic (produce on food)
-contain chlorophyll

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26
Q

Examples of animalia?

A

Fish
Reptiles
Mammals
Birds
Insects
Nematodes

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27
Q

Features of animalia?

A

-Eukaryotic
-multicellular
-no cell walls
-heterotrophic (Consume plants and animals)

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28
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

29
Q

What does phylogeny tell us about?

A

Who’s related to who and how closely they’re related

30
Q

What is a species according to phylogeny ?

A

The smallest group that shares a common ancestor-
The end of the branch on a phylogeny tree

31
Q

What are cladistics?

A

Classifying organisms and taking into account phylogeny when placing them in groups

32
Q

What evidence for classification do taxonomists look at?

A

-embryological evidence
-fossil evidence
-molecular evidence

33
Q

What is molecular evidence for classification ?

A

-analysing similarities in protein and dna.
-more closely related organism will have more similar molecules.
-can compare how DNA is stored and its sequence
-compare the sequence of amino acids in proteins

34
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Archaea (prokaryotic)
Eukarya (eukaryotic)

35
Q

Why were the 3 domains created?

A

New molecular and cellular evidence

36
Q

What molecular evidence is there for the 3 domains?

A

-enzyme RNA polymerase is different in bacteria and archaea

37
Q

How is RNA polymerase different in bacteria and archaea?

A

Archaea but not bacteria have similar histones to Eukarya

38
Q

What is cellular evidence for the 3 domains system?

A

The bonds of the lipids in the cell membrane of bacteria and archaea are different and so is the development and composition of the flagella

39
Q

How are the membrane lipids different in Eukarya and bacteria ?

A

ARCHAEA : lipids are unique, branched hydrocarbon chains bonded to glycerol by ether linkages

BACTERIA: unbranched hydrocarbon chains bonded by glycerol ester linkages

40
Q

What is the difference in cell walls of Eukarya and bacteria ?

A

BACTERIA : contain peptidoglycan

ARCHAEA: cell walls don’t contain peptidoglycan

41
Q

What are the highest taxonomic rank in the system?

A

Domains

42
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences that exists between individuals

43
Q

What is INTRAspecific variation?

A

Variation WITHIN a species

44
Q

What is INTERspecific variation?

A

Variation BETWEEN species

45
Q

What is continuous variation m?

A

When individuals in a population vary within a range
-there are no distinct categories

46
Q

What is the biological definition of a species ?

A

-a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Does not work for those who reproduce asexually

47
Q

What does cytochrome C prove in classification ?

A

Heme protein is found in the compartment between inner and outer mitochondria to transfer electrons between respiratory chain.
-they are not the same in every organism

48
Q

Examples of continuous variation?

A

Humans: height
Plants: leaf SA
Microorganisms: length eg flagellum

49
Q

How is continuous variation data shown?

A

On a graph and a bell curve is produced

50
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Variation where there are 2 or more distinct categories
-each individual falls into one and there are no intermediates

51
Q

Examples of discontinuous variation?

A

Animals:blood type
Plants: colour
Microorganisms: antibiotic resistance

52
Q

How do genetic factors cause variation?

A

-different species have different genes
-same species have same genes but different versions (alleles)
-alleles make up genotype
-differences in genotypes cause variation in phenotype

53
Q

Examples of variation caused by genetics

A

Eye colour
Blood type
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

54
Q

Environs factors that cause variation?

A

Climate
Food
Lifestyle

55
Q

Examples of variation caused by environmental factors?

A

-accents
-Peirced ears

56
Q

Examples of variation caused by both genetic and environmental factors?

A

Height-> genes and nutrition
Flagellum-> genes and growth in certain environments eg metal ions

57
Q

How is discontinuous variation data displayed ?

A

On a bar chart

58
Q

What does standard deviation tell you?

A

How much the values in a single sample vary
-measure of the spread of values about the men’s

59
Q

What are adaptations ?

A

-an organism has features that increase its chance of survival and reproduction as-well as its offspring reproducing

60
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptation?

A

-behavioural
-physiological
-anatomical

61
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Ways an organism acts to increase chance of survival

62
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Processes inside an organisms body that increase its chance of survival

63
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Structural features of an organisms body that increase its chance of survival

64
Q

Examples of behavioural adaptations

A

-scorpions dance before mating to attract a mate of the same species to increase likelihood of successful mating

65
Q

Example of physiological adaptations

A

-Poisonous snakes
-antibiotic resistance

66
Q

Examples of anatomical adaptations?

A

Whales have a thick layer of blubber to keep them warm in the cold are increasing its chance of survival in places where they have to hunt food

67
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When 2 species evolve similar characteristics independently form eachother despite being from separate taxonomic groups

68
Q

Steps in evolution?

A

V=mutation caused variation
C=competitoom
S=survival
I= inheritance
R=repeat

Biology (8 decks)

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