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Biology > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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2
Q

2 substances an organism needs to take in from the environment ?

A

Glucose
Oxygen

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3
Q

2 substances that an animal needs to release?

A

CO2
Urea

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4
Q

How do single cell organism diffuse substances ?

A

-directly in or out the cell across the cell surface membrane.

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5
Q

Why is diffusion rate quick in single cell organisms

A

Short diffusion distance
Relatively high SA:V ratio

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6
Q

How do multi-cellular organisms diffuse substances?

A

Require specialised exchange surfaces such as alveoli

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7
Q

What are the 3 reasons multicellular organisms need specialised exchange surfaces?

A

1) some cells are too deep within the body
2)larger animals have low SA:V
3)higher metabolic rate so use more oxygen and glucose

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8
Q

What are the 3 special features of exchange surfaces?

A

1)a large surface area
2) they’re thin
3) a good blood supply or ventilation

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9
Q

Why are root hair cells good exchange surfaces?

A

Each hair branched of a root and is covered in millions of microscopic hairs
-gives root hair cell a large SA:V ratio increases water absorption by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport

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10
Q

Why are alveoli good exchange surfaces?

A

-made of alveolar epithelium-> decreases the distances O2 and CO2 takes place increasing rate of diffusion

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11
Q

Why are the alveoli surrounded by a large capillary network?

A

-gives each alveolus its own blood supply
-helps maintain concentration gradient

-lungs are ventilated so air in each alveoli is constantly replaced

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12
Q

Why are fish gills good exchange surfaces?

A

-contain large network of capillaries-> well supplied with blood
-well ventilated -> fresh water constantly flows over them

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13
Q

What is the structure of the gaseous exchange system?

A

1) trachea
2) splits into 2 bronchi-> 1 to each lung
3)each bronchi branches into bronchioles
4)the bronchioles end in alveoli

Ribcage, inter coastal muscles and diaphragm work to move air in and out

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14
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

Line the airways

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15
Q

Function of goblet cells?

A

-secrete mucus
-traps microorganisms and dust particles inhaled by air stopping them getting to alveoli

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16
Q

Where are cilia found?

A

On epithelial cells lining airways

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17
Q

Role of cilia?

A

-hair like structures
-beat mucus secreted by goblets cells
-moving mucus toward throat away from alveolus
-prevent lung infections

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18
Q

Where are elastic fibres found?

A

-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli

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19
Q

Role of elastic fibres

A

-when inhaling lungs inflate stretching elastic fibres
-fibres then recoil to push air out when exhaling

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20
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

Walls of
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles (except the smallest ones)

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21
Q

Role of smooth muscle

A

-allows diameter to be controlled
-during exercise smooth muscle relaxes making the tubes wider
-less resistance so air can move in and out lungs easier
-supplying muscles with more oxygen

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22
Q

Where are rings of cartilage found?

A

-walls of
Trachea
Bronchi

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23
Q

Role of rings of cartilage?

A

-provide support
-strong and flexible
-stops trachea and bronchi collapsing when breathe in and pressure drops

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24
Q

What happens to pressure during inhalation ?

A

Pressure drops below atmospheric pressure as volume of thorax increases

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25
Q

What happens to pressure during inhalation ?

A

Pressure increases above atmospheric pressure as volume of thorax decreases

26
Q

What features do the trachea have ?

A

-large C shaped cartilage
-smooth muscle
-elastic fibres
-goblet cells
-ciliated epithelium

27
Q

What features do the bronchi have?

A

-small cartilage pieces
-smooth muscle
-elastic fibres
-goblet cells
-ciliated epithelium

28
Q

What features do the LARGE bronchioles have?

A

-smooth muscle
-elastic fibres
-goblet cells
-ciliated epithelium

29
Q

What features do the LARGE bronchioles have?

A

-smooth muscle
-elastic fibres
-goblet cells
-ciliated epithelium

30
Q

What features do the SMALLER bronchioles have?

A

-smooth muscle
-elastic fibres
-ciliated epithelium

31
Q

What features do the SMALLEST bronchioles have?

A

-elastic fibres

32
Q

What features do the alveoli have?

A

-elastic fibres

33
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Inhalation and exhalation

34
Q

What is ventilation controlled by?

A

Movements of diaphragm, intercostal muscles and ribcage

35
Q

What happens to external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm during inhalation?

A

They contract

36
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

-Ribcage moves up and out
-diagram flattens
-volume of thorax increased

Causing air to flow into lungs

37
Q

Why is inspiration an active process?

A

Requires energy

38
Q

What happens to external intercostal and diaphragm muscles during exhalation?

A

-they relax

39
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

-Ribcage moved down and in and diaphragm curves
-air is forced out lungs

40
Q

Why is NORMAL expiration a passive process?

A

-doesn’t require energy

41
Q

What happens during forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles contract bulling ribcage down and in

42
Q

What is tidal volume ?

A

Volume of air in each breath

43
Q

What is the usual measurement for tidal volume ?

A

0.4 dm3

44
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out

45
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

How many breathes are taken per unit time

46
Q

What is oxygen uptake?

A

The rate at which someone uses up oxygen

47
Q

What direction does air flow?

A

From areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

48
Q

What are the 3 main structures of the gills?

A

-primary lamellae/ gill filaments
-secondary lamellae/ gill plates
-gill arch

49
Q

What is the function of the gill arch?

A

Provides structure and holds gill in place

50
Q

What is the function of the gill raker?

A

To filter out solids, preventing damage to gill filaments/ primary lamellae

51
Q

Function of primary lamellae/ gill filaments?

A

Provide large surface area for gas exchange

52
Q

Function of secondary lamellae/ gill plates?

A

Main sight of gaseous exchange which water flows over

53
Q

What is a counter current system in fish?

A

Blood thoughts the the gill plates in one direction and water flows over in the opposite direction

54
Q

What does a countercurrent system mean?

A

Water with a relatively high oxygen concentration always flows next to blood with low concentration of oxygen -> steep concentration maintained

55
Q

How much less oxygen does water have than air?

A

20-40%

56
Q

Ventilation in bony fish

A

1)opens mouth-> lowers floor of by all cavity
2)volume of buccal cavity increases
3)decreases pressure
4) water enters cavity
5) closes mouth floor of buccal cavity raised
6) increasing pressure
7)water forced out of cavity across gill filaments
8) pressure open operculum forces water out gills

57
Q

What is the operculum ?

A

Bony flap that covers fill to protect it

58
Q

What features do insects use for gas exchange/ ventilation

A

-spiracles
-trachea
-thoracic and abdominal movement to chance body volume
-tracheal fluid

59
Q

Ventilation in insects

A

1)air moves into trachea through spiracles (pores)
2) oxygen travels down the concentration gradient
3) carbon dioxide from cells move down its own concentration gradient towards spiracles to be removed into atmosphere
4) trachea branch into small tracheoles which contain fluid oxygen dissolves in
5)oxygen diffuses form fluid to cells
6) carbon dioxide diffuses in opposite direction

60
Q

Why do insects use rhythmic abdominal movements?

A

-change the volume of their body
- to move air in and out spiracles
-when larger insects fly they use wind movement to pump their thoraxes

Biology (8 decks)

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