Module 4: Section 3 - Classification and Evolution Flashcards
What is a species?
A group of similar organisms capable of
interbreeding (naturally) to produce fertile offspring
What is Classification
Classification = grouping similar organisms together /
organising species into groups
Based off Phylogeny and physical characteristics
What is an acronym for the Linnaean classification system?
King kingdom
Philip phylum
Came class
Over order
For family
Good genus
Soup species
What grouo was later added ABOVE kingdom and what does it consist of?
Domain
Bacteria
Archea
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
Why do scientists classify organisms?
To identify species
- To predict characteristics
By knowing the characteristics of other species in a group
- To find evolutionary relationships
Species in the same group are likely to share a common ancestor
- To have a Universal system so that scientists on different continents
can make links between organisms
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Organisms that have a nucleus and those that don’t.
Difference between Motile and sessile
Organisms that can move (carry out locomotion) and those that don’t.
Autotropic?
Producers that produce their own food/organic molecules
Hetrotropic? Examples?
Consumers that feed on other oraganisms
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Holozoic
Holozoic?
Consuming by ingestion
Parasitic?
Consuming by living off/on/in another organism
Saprophytic?
Consuming by feeding off dead/decaying organisms
ANIMALIA characteristics?
Eukaryotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-MOTILE
-Food stored as GLYCOGEN
-Most have a muscular and
nervous system
PROKARYOTES characteristics?
Unicellular
-No NUCLEUS ; DNA is naked without histones, which is a
loop, & no membrane bound organelles at all
-Autotrophic or heterotrophic
-Cell wall not made of cellulose
-70s rRNA
FUNGI characteristics?
Eukaryotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Cell wall made of CHITIN
-HETEROtrophic by feeding
saprotrophically or parasitically
-Sessile
-Most are multicellular. Main
body made of hyphae (long
threads); mass of threads =
mycelium
PROTOCTISTA characteristics?
Eukaryotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Animal-like protozoa are heterotrophic,
motile with FLAGELLA or pseudopodia,
may be parasitic, unicellular
-Plant-like green/red/brown ALGAE are
AUTOtrophic, may be motile and/or
multicellular
PLANTAE characteristics?
EUKARYotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Multicellular
-AUTOtrophic
-Contain chloroplasts
-Cell wall made of CELLULOSE
-Most are sessile
-Food stored as starch
Examples of PROKARYOTES?
ARCHAEBACTERIA - can live in extreme environments and cell wall isnt composed of peptidoglycan
EUBACTERIA ‘true bacteria’
-Different biochemistry
-e.g. RNA polymerase contains fewer proteins
Found in all non extreme environments and cell wall contains peptidoglycan
What is shared morphology?
The comparison of physical characteristics to classify organisms
H9w do we classify today?
- Based on shared morphology; microscopy led to traditional 5
kingdoms to be created - Based on evolutionary relationships through biochemical analysis
→ e.g. 6 kingdom / 3 domain system came about through DNA,
protein and RNA sequence comparisons
How are animalia divided by?
Chordates (vertebrates)
Non-chordates (invertebrates)
What is the advantage of the binomial system of naming over
common names?
So we have universal recognition of each organism belonging to a certain species
Phylogeny?
evolutionary relationships
between organisms
This tells us how closely related
organisms are.
Phylogenetics?
the study of evolutionary
history of organisms
Common ancestor?
an ancestor shared by /
common to 2 or more organisms
Sister group?
Two descendants that split
from the same node
(junction)
Advantages of phylogenetic trees of classification?
Helps us accurately classify - confirms whether Linnaean
classification is correct or incorrect
Continuous trees don’t force species into discrete groups
they may not fit into
Shows timeline of evolution rather than being hierarchical
