Module 3: Section 1 - Exchange and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs that consist of
epithelial cell layer
elastic fibres
collagen

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2
Q

bronchi?

A

divisions of trachea that consist of small tubes
suppoted by incomplete rings of cartilage

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3
Q

cartilage?

A

rings are incomplete to bend
strong & flexible to stop organs from collapsing
connective tissue
provide support

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4
Q

smooth muscle?

A

involuntary muscle
found in walls of trachea and bronchi
controls organs diameter in tubes so when relaxed they widen

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5
Q

cilliated epithelium (cillia)?

A

beats bacteria containing mucus upwards away from alveoli towards throat (swallowed) to prevent infection
tiny-hair like cillia

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6
Q

goblet cells?

A

secrete mucus into trachea lining
mucus traps harmful microorganisms and dust particles preventing enter to lungs

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7
Q

elastic fibres?

A

allow alveoli to stretch as air is inhaled + recoil as air is exhaled
found in trachea, bronchi, brochioles

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8
Q

bronchioles?

A

small divisions of bronchi

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9
Q

trachea?

A

primary airway which carries air from nasal cavity to the chest

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10
Q

ventilation?

A

movement of fresh air into lungs and stale out via expiration/inpiration

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11
Q

what does trachea contain?

A

C cartilage
smooth muscle
elastic fibres
goblet cells
cilliated epithelium

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12
Q

what does bronchi contain?

A

Small cartilage
smooth muscle
elastic fibres
goblet cells
cilliated epithelium

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13
Q

what does alveoli contain?

A

elastic fibres
squamous epithelium

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14
Q

what does bronchioles contain?

A

smooth muscle
elastic fibres
goblet cells
cillia

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15
Q

why do we need exchange surfaces?

A

to exchange mats such as urea water and oxygen ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANES

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16
Q

squamous epithelium?

A

Flat, scale-like epithelial cells
thin walls for quick diffusion pathway

17
Q

diffusion is quick when? why?

A

the SA:V is greater

18
Q

diffusion is slow when? why?

A

the SA:V is smaller
as larger organisms cells have no direct contact with external environment so diffusion distance is larger

19
Q

why do larger organisms have specialised exchange surfaces?

A

as they have higher metabolic rate and smaller SA:V so require more oxygen and glucose

20
Q

adaptations for alveoli?

A

layer of squamous epithelium cells for quick diffusion pathway
partially permeable to allow certain gases across
ventiliation of air for a steep diffusion gradient
large SA to increase rate of gas exchange
good blood supply so gas exchange can be transported

21
Q

ribcage?

A

consist of ribs that enclose the thorax (chest)

22
Q

diaphragm?

A

sheet of muscle that moves the ribcage up and out when it contracts

23
Q

external intercostal muscles?

A

found between the ribs
pull the ribcage up and out when they contract

24
Q

internal intercostal muscles?

A

found between the ribs pull the ribcage down and in when they contract

25
Q

pleural cavity?

A

found in thoracic cavity
double membrane
filled with pleural fluid that lubricates lungs
adheres to thoracic cavity and lungs via water cohesion so lungs expands whilst breathing

26
Q

inspiration?

A

active process requiring energy for muscle contraction

27
Q

expiration?

A

a passive process

28
Q

events of inspiration?

A
  1. external intercostal muscles contract while internal intercostal muscles relax, moving the ribcage up and out
  2. The volume of the thoracic cavity increases
  3. diaphragm contracts and flattens, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
  4. lung pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
  5. Air flows into the lungs down the pressure gradient
29
Q

events of expiration?

A
  1. external intercostal muscles relax, moving ribcage down and in
  2. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
  3. diaphragm relaxes and unflattens, further decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
  4. lung pressure increases above atmospheric pressure.
  5. Air is forced out of the lungs down the pressure gradient.
30
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The air inhaled and exhaled when at rest

31
Q

What is breathing rate

A

How many breaths are take (usually in a minute)

32
Q

What is oxygen consumption

A

the rate at which an organism uses up oxygen

33
Q

What is a spirometer

A

its a machine that can give readings of tidal volume, vital capacity, breathing rate and oxygen uptake

34
Q

How does a spirometer work

A

1) It has an oxygen-filled chamber with a moveable lid
2)The person breaths through a tube connected to the oxygen chamber
3) as the person breathes in and out , the lid of the chamber moves up and down
4) These movements are recorded by a pen attached to the lid of the chamber and this writes on the rotating drum

35
Q

What is residual volume

A

Volume that remains in the lungs so they don’t collapse

36
Q

What is residual volume

37
Q

Why do fish have special adaptations

A

there is a lower concentration of oxygen in water than in air

38
Q

how are fish gills ventilated

A

1) fish opens its mouth, lowering the floor of the buccal cavity and the volume of the buccal cavity increases decreasing the pressure in the cavity
2) When the fish closes its mouth the floor of the buccal cavity raises again and the volume inside the cavity decreases and the pressure increases and the water is forced out across the gill filaments
3) Each gill is covered by a bony flap called operculum, the increase in pressure forces the operculum on each side of the head to open