Module 2: Section 1 - Cell Structure Flashcards
What does nucleoplasm contain
Nucleotides and enzymes which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis
What is the nuclear pores function
Allow molecules to enter and leave the nucleus
What is a eukaryotic cell
A cell that’s genetic material is enclosed in the nucleus and has membrane bound organelles
What is inside chromatin
DNA coiled around proteins called histones
What is produced at the nucleolus
rRNA (part of the structure of the ribosome)is produced
What is the function of the mitochondria
ATP production
Which structure is responsible for modifying sorting and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles
Golgi apparatus
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum description/structure
-No ribosomes
-Series of interconnected member bound sacs and tubules
-membrane is phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesises and processes lipids. SER contains enzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism such as synthesis of cholesterol
What is the nuclear envelope structure
-Has pores
-Double membrane
- both the inner and outer membranes are phospholipid bilayers
Nuclear envelope function
Pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
Nucleus structure
-Has nucleolus
- nucleoplasm has chromatin and nucleolus
- has linear chromosomes that are made of DNA
Nucleus function
DNA in the nucleus contains a set of instructions for the synthesis of proteins
Nucleolus structure
-Dense body in the nucleus
-made of proteins,RNA and DNA
-largest sub structure in the nucleus
Nucleolus function
Site where ribosomes are made
Mitochondria function
Produces ATP via aerobic respiration
Mitochondria structure
-Double membrane
- has own ribosomes and DNA
-area surrounded by folds is the mitochondria matrix which has enzymes for respiration
-each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
- inner layer of membrane has folds called cristae
Function of chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
Structure of chloroplast
-own DNA,ribosomes and outer membranes
- double membrane
- inside the inner membrane there are fluid filled sacs called thylakoids and each sac is called by granum which are linked by lamelle
Golgi apparatus structure
-series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cristae
-Single membrane
Function of Golgi apparatus
Takes proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modify them by adding things like carbohydrates to these proteins
Ribosomes function
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes structure
-found in cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-small
- made of proteins
Lysosomes structure
-Has hydrolytic enzymes which break down molecules/damaged cell components
- involved in phagocytosis
Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Processes and folds proteins
Function of flagella and cilla
-locomotion( ways organisms move from one place to another) they beat to propel cell through the fluid
Structure of flagella and cilla
Composed of microtubles made from tublin arranged in a specific pattern
Function of centrioles
Help chromosomes separate during cell division
Structure of centrioles
-Most eukaryotic centrioles are found as pairs and a parallel to each other
-made up of nine bundles of Microtubules -cylinder shape
-composed mainly of a protein called Tubulin
What are plasmids
Small circular loops of DNA in prokaryotic cells
Plasmid role
Carry additional genes such as antibiotic resistance genes
What are cell walls made up of in prokaryotic cells
Murein
What is the relative ribosome size in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Pro= 70S
Eu = 80S
flagellum function?
for locomotion
What may occur when there is an unfolding of plasma membrane?
may form a photosynthetic membrane or carry out nitrogen fixation
Pilli function?
for attachment to other cells or surfaces
Involved in sexual reproduction
Capsule function?
Additional protection
Mesosome function?
infolding of plasma membrane associated with DNA during cell division
helps with formation of new cell walls
What are plasmids used in?
Genetic engineering
How is DNA packaged in eukaryotic cells?
DNA is associated with histones (proteins) to form chromatin
This is then supercoiled into chromosomes
Organelle?
Section of cell with specific function
What are advantages of having organelles?
Compartmentalising the cell allows for distinct environments (for specific enzymes for a function)
Vesicles function?
Used in transport of materials (protein) via fluid in membrane
Cytoskeleton function?
Network of fibres responsible for shape and stability of the cell
Controls movement of cell and organelles
Cytoskeleton structure?
3 components
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres
Cytoskeleton microfilaments?
Contrile fibres responsible for cell movement and contraction in cytokinesis
Cytoskeleton microtubules?
Used to form scaffold like structure
Tracks movement of organelles
Cytoskeleton intermediate fibres?
Gives mechanical strength to cell
Maintains their integrity
What organelles are involved in protein synthesis? IN ORDER
Nucleus
Nucleus envelope
Nuclear pores
RER
Ribosomes
Vesicles
Goigi apparatus
Cell surface membrane
what are the cytoskeletons functions
-provide support/ stability for the whole cell
-movement of Cilla and flagellum
-changing shape of cell
-movement of named (organelles)
processes in cells that rely on cytoskeleton for movement
-RNA in protein synthesis
-cytoplasm in cytokinesis
chromosome in cell division
How does the cytoskeleton move organelles around the cell
through the microtublin
