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NURS 341 > Module 4 section 1 > Flashcards

Module 4 section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Principles of data collection

A
  1. quality of collection method
  2. relevant data collection method to the research problem
    - this process begins during the literature review phase
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2
Q

Major types of data for Nursing studies

A

-self reports
-interviewing by using a questionnaire or interviewing
guide
-records
-direct observations of peoples behaviours
-biophysiological measures to assess important clinical
variables

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3
Q

Data collection requirement

A

-it must be objective and systematic

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4
Q

Objective collection

A

-collected data must be free of collectors influencers

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5
Q

Systematic collection

A

-collected data must be done in the same methodological way by each person involved in collection procedure

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6
Q

Key dimensions of data collection methods

A
  1. Structure
    -highly structured form used to collect identical data
    from participants
    - flexible approach to collect data in a more naturalistic
    way
  2. Quantifiability
    -to use stats, participants must answer the same
    questions in the same way and order
  3. Obstructiveness
    -data collection methods differ in term of the degree to
    which participants are aware of their status as study
    participants knowledge of being in a study may cause
    them to change behaviour- can affect the outcome of
    study
  4. Objectivity
    - some data collection approaches require more
    subjective judgement than others
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7
Q

Self Report

A

-asking people about their experiences

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8
Q

Techniques to collect self reports

A
  1. Unstructured qualitative self report

2. structured quantitative self report

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9
Q

Unstructured qualitative self report technique

A
  • Flexibility in gathering information
  • general questions asked to facilitate them telling there own story with less influence from researcher
  • Qualitative uses less structured form
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10
Q

Types of unstructured qualitative self report

A
  1. Completely unstructured
  2. Focused
  3. Focus group
  4. Life histories
  5. Critical incident technique
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11
Q

Completely unstructured interviews

A

-usually starts the interview with broad questions, the questions get more focused as they are asked

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12
Q

Focused interviews

A

-when the researcher wants to uncover multiplt topics

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13
Q

Focus group interviews

A

-more than one person guiding through one or more topics

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14
Q

Life history interview

A
  • narrative self disclosures related to life experiences
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15
Q

Critical incident interview technique

A

-method that gathers data about people’s behaviours by studying specific incidents related to investigated behaviour

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16
Q

Structured Quantitative self reports

A
  • used when researcher knows what they need to know therefore more focused questions to obtain information
  • data collection usually done with instruments
17
Q

Instrustments of data collection

A

Interview schedule
-face-to-face or over the phone
Questionnaire
-on paper or completed on their own

18
Q

Question Forms

A
  • Open ended questions
    • participants respond in their own words
  • Closed ended questions
    • choose the most appropriate answer from the list
19
Q

Guide to forming questions

A
  • make them clear and unambiguous
  • avoid double barrelled questions- double meanings
  • responders must be competent to answer
  • responders must be willing to answer
  • questions should be relevant
  • short items best
  • avoid biased terms
20
Q

Scales

A
  • Likert Scales

- Vignettes

21
Q

Likert Scales

A
  • most commonly used
  • consists of declarative statements that express viewpoints.
  • respondents choose a number that indicates their agreement or level of disagreement
22
Q

Vignettes

A
  • short stories/descriptions they are asked how will they respond in that particular situation.
  • Economical
  • Open ended
  • based on opinions and responders accuracy therefore threatening validity
23
Q

Evaluations of self report methods

A

-Strengths
-information can be obtained about past and future
- self report instruments can be used to measure
psychological characteristics through direct
communication
-Limitations
-Self reports may not be accurate
-participants may conceal negative characteristics or
behaviours
-responses may be biased or conform to societal
expectations

24
Q

Observational Methods

A
  • Alternative to self reports
  • observation of phenomenon and of peoples behaviours in their natural setting
  • prefered to collect data about physical or social settings, behaviours and events
  • role of field observer an be as a full participant or range to full detached observer
25
Q

Unstructured Qualitative Observational Method

A
  • usually this method to experience an aspect of a real world situation first hand
  • permits researchers to see the world the way the participants see them
26
Q

Observer-participant role in participation observation

A

-researcher invlved with participants in natural setting

27
Q

Gathering Unstructured observation

A
  1. Physical setting
    -where questions, place and its feature
  2. Participants
    -who questions, # of participants and characteristics
    3.Activities
    - what questions, activity and mehtods
  3. Frequency and duration
    - when questions, beginning and end of the activity
  4. Process
    -how questions, organization of the activity, interaction
    and communication among participants
  5. Outcomes
    -the why questions, purpose and outcome
28
Q

Methods of recording observations

A
  • logs

- field notes

29
Q

Logs

A

-daily record of events

30
Q

Field Notes

A

-include daily log, much broader, more analytical and more interpretive

31
Q

Evaluations of Unstructured observational methods

A

-Strengths
-yield rich understanding of human behaviours and
social situations
-better understanding of complexities of the situation
-Limitations
-observer bias/emotional involvement may affect
objectivity
-narrow-minded view of issues (see what they want
you to see)
-results depend on observational and interpersonal
skills of the observer

32
Q

Structured Quantative Observational methods

A
  • used when researcher has prior knowledge about the phenomenon
  • field notes recorded on highly structured forms marked the same way as closed ended questionnaire
33
Q

Evaluation of observational Methods

A

-Strengths
-well suited for nursing-some better with observation
than self report
-Nurses are skilled observers
-more depth and variety
-Limitations
-people may change behaviour when they know they
are being watched
-vulnerable to observer bias

34
Q

2 major measurement categories

A
  1. Invivo

2. In vitro

35
Q

Invivo

A
  • preformed direct on or within a living organism

- eg. BP or Temp.

36
Q

In vitro

A

-Extract biophysiological material from participants for laboratory analysis including chemical measures, microbiological measures and cytological histological measures

37
Q

Evaluation of biophysiologic measures

A 
Strengths
   -Accurate
   -Objective
   -valid
Limitations
  - tool used to measure may affect results

NURS 341 (11 decks)

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