Mod 1: Section 2 Flashcards
Analysis
-division of content into parts to understand each aspect of the study
Concept
- building blocks of a theory
- Image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea
- concepts are the same as phenomenon in qualitative research
Conceptual Definition
-general meaning of a concept
Conceptual Framework
-structural representation of concepts, theories or both that is used to construct a map of study
Constructs
-abstraction that are deliberatley and systematically invented for specific purpose
Critique
-process of objectively and critically evaluating the content of research reports for scientific merit and application to practice, theory or education
Data
-numerical (quantitative) and non-numerical (qualitative) data are collected by the researcher during the course of the study
Deductive
-drawing conclusions from the general to specific
Hypothesis
-best guess or prediction about what a researcher expects to find with regard to the relationship between 2 or more variables
Inductive
generalizing from specific
Model
-symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships
Nursing research
-systemic process of investigation problems to gain knowledge about improving the care that nurses provide
Nursing Science
-the body of knowledge that is unique to the discipline of nursing
Relationships
-association between 2 or more phenomena or variables.
Replication
-ability to repeat a study using the same variables and methods or a slight variation
Research Rigour
-striving for excellence in research, which involved discipline, scrupulous adherence to detail and strict accuracy
Scientific Inquiry
-process of critically analyzing data systematically gathered about phenomenon
Scientific Method
- research process that involves selecting and defining the problems
- formulating research questions or hypothesis or both, collecting data and analyzing data
Theoretical Framework
-structural representation of concepts, theories or both used to construct a map to study
Theory
-a set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena for the purpose of explaining and making predictions about the phenomena
Variables
-measurable characteristic that differs among the subjects being studied
Variables in Quantitative
-search to understand how or why things vary and to learn how differences in one variable relate to differences in another
Characteristics of Variables
- usually inherent human traits
- can be created
Discrete Variables
-variables with finite values between 2 points or include specific categories
Continuous Variables
-variables that can be represented by a continuum or have an infinite number of values
Dependent variables
- represents the outcomes of research study
- influenced by other variables
- the “effect” in the cause-effect
- *can indicate direction of influence rather than cause and effect**
Independent Variables
- the treatment or condition that the researcher controls to test their effects on the outcome
- *can indicate direction of influence rather than cause and effect**
Intervening Variable
- shows link between an independent and dependent variable
- how independent influences the dependent
Conceptual and operational definitions
-when undertaking a study researchers must provide a definition for what they are looking at to allow others to understand how it is being conceptualized
Data in qualitative
-usually narrative notes on behaviour, obtained through conversing notes in the naturalistic setting
Data in quantitative
- define/identify variables and collect relevant data
- Values of study constitute data usually in numeric form
Relationships in Quantitative
- interested between independent and outcome
- expressed as more than or less than
- studies done to see if a relationship exists among variables and measure it’s strength
Causal Relationships
-one causing influence and effecting the other
Associative (functional) variables
-when 2 or more variables occur concurrently but do not necessarily cause each other
Relationships in Qualitative
-seek patterns of association as a way to show underlying meaning
Major steps in Quanitative study
- Conceptual
- The design and planning phase
- Empirical Phase
- The analytical phase
- Dissemination phase
- Conceptual Phase:
a. Formulating and delimiting the problem
-identify an interesting research problem and create a research question
-identify the variables
-must answer the following questions:
1. is it important
2. is there a conceptual framework
3. is it useful for clinical practice
4. how can it be answered to yield high
quality evidence
5. can it be addressed ethically
- Conceptual Phase:
b. Reviewing and related literature
- done within context of previous knowledge
- done to know what is already knwon
- Conceptual phase
c. Undertaking clincial framework
-beneficial to start research in area of work
- Conceptual Phase
d. Defining the framework and developing conceptual definition
- may have broader significance and utility
- should have conceptual rationale and clear vision of concepts under study
- Conceptual Phase:
e. Formulating Hypothesis
- state the researchers expectations of the variables
- identifies concepts of interest and asks how they might be related
- Design and Planning Phase:
-decide on the methods they will use to address the research question
- Design and Planning Phase:
a. Selecting a research design
- overall plan for obtaining answers to the research questions
- controlled to minimize bias
- Design and Planning Phase:
b. developing protocols for the interventions
- create independent variables (participants are exposed to different treatments)
- must say what the intervention entails
- Design and Planning Phase:
c. Identifying the population
-need to identify the characteristics that the participants should posses
- Design and Planning Phase:
d. Designing sample plan
- collect data from the data
- specifies how the sample will be selected and how many will be selected
- should reflect characteristics of the population
- Design and Planning Phase:
e. Specifying methods to measure variables
-primary methods:
>self reports
>observations
> biophsiological measurments
- Design and Planning Phase:
f. Developing methods to safeguard human/animal rights
-must be ethical
- Design and Planning Phase:
g. Reviewing and finalizing the research plan
- assessments completed to ensure smooth procedure
- get others to review your work and get critiques
- Empirical Phase:
- collecting the research data
- mst time consuming
- Empirical Phase:
a. Collecting the data
- often goes according to plan
- plan says when and where data will be collected
- Empirical Phase:
b. Preparing the data for analysis
- needs to prepped for analysis
- Example:
- coding
- Analytical Phase:
a. Analyzing the data
- to answer questions/test hypothesis must analyze findings in systematic fashion
- statistical analysis- computing an average
- Analytical Phase:
b. Interpreting the results
- making sense of the results and implications
- coming to conclusions about the clinical significance
5.Dissemination Phase:
-questions at the outset are answered
- Dissemination Phase:
a. Communicating findings
-create research reports to be shared with others
- Dissemination Phase:
b. Putting evidence into practice
-create recommendation on how the evidence could be used
Activities in Qualitative
- more flexible than quantitative
- the flow can vary
- always evaluating
Qualitative:
Planning the study
- Identify the problem
- do a lit review (shows what is already known)
- develop safeguards for participants
Qualitative:
Develop data collection
- chose type and method of collection
- where to get data and who from
Qualitative
Gathering and analyzing data
- collect data
- organize and analyze data
- evaluate the collection process
- evaluate if you have enough- data saturation
- *if there isn’t enough then go back to data collection phase**
Qualitative:
Dissemination phase
- communicate findings
- utilize and recommend methods in practice and future research
