Module 4 Review (18-21) Flashcards
Tissue
Groups of similar cells that perform a common function
Types of tissue (4)
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial/epithelium
Tightly packed sheets that cover/line
One face is exposed (like skin)
Functions to protect, secrete, and absorb
Constantly slough off and replace cells
Connective tissue
6 types
Binds organs+tissues to each other
Cells embedded in a matrix of protein fibers and gel
loose, adipose, blood, fibrous connective, cartilage, bone
Loose connective tissue
Most widespread connective tissue
Connects epithelia to underlying tissues, holds organs in place, and pads under the skin
Matrix contains collagen and elastin
Adipose tissue
fat tissue that connects skin to underlying structures and insulates+protects organs
Blood
Circulates throughout the body and transports oxygen+nutrients to cells
Fibrous connective tissue
Forms tendons that connect muscles to bones and ligaments that connect bones to each other (joints)
Cartilage
Made of chondrocytes
Connects muscles with bones, makes up ears and nose, and allows for shock absorption
Bone
Make up the skeleton, provide framework for the body
Muscle tissue
3 types
Most abundant tissue in animals
Makes up “meat”
Contains actin and myosin that allow cells to contract
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Differentiation of muscle cells (2 ways)
Voluntary vs. involuntary
Smooth vs. striated
Skeletal muscle
attached to bone
responsible for voluntary movement
Striated
Cardiac muscle
Only in heart tissue
Involuntary striated
Smooth muscle
Involuntary
Makes up internal organs, blood vessels, and digestive system
Nervous tissue
Composed of neurons that conduct and transmit electrical impulses
Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Organs
Structures composed of 2+ tissues that work to produce a specific function
Organ system
Many organs interact to form a common function
Feedback
information sent to a control center (the brain) to direct a cell, tissue, or organ to turn up/down a process
Negative feedback
Negates change
The product inhibits the process
eg. heating system
Positive feedback
Promotes change
Product intensifies the process
eg. hormones from contractions
Path of the digestive system
Mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum
Role of the mouth in digestive system
Mechanical breakdown of food
Saliva enzymes break down carbs
Pharynx
Branches into trachea (to lungs) and esophagus (to stomach)
Esophagus
Pathway to the stomach
Peristalsis-contractions of smooth muscle down the esophagus to move food
Small intestine
20 ft. long tube that is the major site for chemical digestion
Pancreas
Produces most of the digestive enzymes for the small intestine
Accessory organs
Liver (metabolizes toxins)
Pancreas (creates digestive enzymes)
Gallbladder (stores bile)
Villi
Membranous projections of the small intestine that absorb substances from the small intestine into the bloodstream
Microvilli
Transport nutrients into the blood vessels inside villus
Gastrin
Hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates digestion
Hormones regulate digestion
Urinary system and parts
removes waste while retaining materials
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Nephrons
Looped tubules packed into the kidneys surrounded by capillaries that take the waste out of the bloodstream
Phases of kidney waste-processing
1) Filtration in Bowman’s capsule
Blood pressure forces plasma into nephrons for filtration
2) Reabsorption of water, sugars, and amino acids into kidney tissue, salt and water separated
3) Secretion of low concentration wastes into plasma, moves into collecting duct that leads to renal pelvis
4) excretion of fluid that collects in renal pelvis-only waste. Water and materials are returned to bloodstream
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Smoke emitted by lighted end+smoke exhaled by active smoker
Most abundant gas in ETS
Carbon monoxide
5x more abundant in ETS than in inhaled smoke
Particulates
particles with a diameter less than 1/2 the width of a human hair
“Tar”
Human respiratory system
Enter through mouth and nose
Pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-lungs-diaphragm
Diaphragm
Strong, dome shaped muscle that separates respiratory system from digestive and reproductive systems
Contracts and flattens to increase chest cavity
Passive vs active exhalation
Passive: like releasing air from a balloon, no muscle contraction
Active: abdominal muscle contractions, like forcing liquid out of a syringe