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BI101 > Module 4 Review (18-21) > Flashcards

Module 4 Review (18-21) Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of similar cells that perform a common function

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2
Q

Types of tissue (4)

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial/epithelium

A

Tightly packed sheets that cover/line
One face is exposed (like skin)
Functions to protect, secrete, and absorb
Constantly slough off and replace cells

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4
Q

Connective tissue
6 types

A

Binds organs+tissues to each other
Cells embedded in a matrix of protein fibers and gel
loose, adipose, blood, fibrous connective, cartilage, bone

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5
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Most widespread connective tissue
Connects epithelia to underlying tissues, holds organs in place, and pads under the skin
Matrix contains collagen and elastin

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6
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat tissue that connects skin to underlying structures and insulates+protects organs

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7
Q

Blood

A

Circulates throughout the body and transports oxygen+nutrients to cells

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8
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Forms tendons that connect muscles to bones and ligaments that connect bones to each other (joints)

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9
Q

Cartilage

A

Made of chondrocytes
Connects muscles with bones, makes up ears and nose, and allows for shock absorption

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10
Q

Bone

A

Make up the skeleton, provide framework for the body

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11
Q

Muscle tissue
3 types

A

Most abundant tissue in animals
Makes up “meat”
Contains actin and myosin that allow cells to contract
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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12
Q

Differentiation of muscle cells (2 ways)

A

Voluntary vs. involuntary
Smooth vs. striated

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

attached to bone
responsible for voluntary movement
Striated

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only in heart tissue
Involuntary striated

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15
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Makes up internal organs, blood vessels, and digestive system

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16
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Composed of neurons that conduct and transmit electrical impulses
Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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17
Q

Organs

A

Structures composed of 2+ tissues that work to produce a specific function

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18
Q

Organ system

A

Many organs interact to form a common function

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19
Q

Feedback

A

information sent to a control center (the brain) to direct a cell, tissue, or organ to turn up/down a process

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20
Q

Negative feedback

A

Negates change
The product inhibits the process
eg. heating system

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21
Q

Positive feedback

A

Promotes change
Product intensifies the process
eg. hormones from contractions

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22
Q

Path of the digestive system

A

Mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum

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23
Q

Role of the mouth in digestive system

A

Mechanical breakdown of food
Saliva enzymes break down carbs

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24
Q

Pharynx

A

Branches into trachea (to lungs) and esophagus (to stomach)

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25
Q

Esophagus

A

Pathway to the stomach
Peristalsis-contractions of smooth muscle down the esophagus to move food

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26
Q

Small intestine

A

20 ft. long tube that is the major site for chemical digestion

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27
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces most of the digestive enzymes for the small intestine

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28
Q

Accessory organs

A

Liver (metabolizes toxins)
Pancreas (creates digestive enzymes)
Gallbladder (stores bile)

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29
Q

Villi

A

Membranous projections of the small intestine that absorb substances from the small intestine into the bloodstream

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30
Q

Microvilli

A

Transport nutrients into the blood vessels inside villus

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31
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates digestion
Hormones regulate digestion

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32
Q

Urinary system and parts

A

removes waste while retaining materials
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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33
Q

Nephrons

A

Looped tubules packed into the kidneys surrounded by capillaries that take the waste out of the bloodstream

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34
Q

Phases of kidney waste-processing

A

1) Filtration in Bowman’s capsule
Blood pressure forces plasma into nephrons for filtration
2) Reabsorption of water, sugars, and amino acids into kidney tissue, salt and water separated
3) Secretion of low concentration wastes into plasma, moves into collecting duct that leads to renal pelvis
4) excretion of fluid that collects in renal pelvis-only waste. Water and materials are returned to bloodstream

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35
Q

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

A

Smoke emitted by lighted end+smoke exhaled by active smoker

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36
Q

Most abundant gas in ETS

A

Carbon monoxide
5x more abundant in ETS than in inhaled smoke

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37
Q

Particulates

A

particles with a diameter less than 1/2 the width of a human hair
“Tar”

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38
Q

Human respiratory system

A

Enter through mouth and nose
Pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-lungs-diaphragm

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39
Q

Diaphragm

A

Strong, dome shaped muscle that separates respiratory system from digestive and reproductive systems
Contracts and flattens to increase chest cavity

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40
Q

Passive vs active exhalation

A

Passive: like releasing air from a balloon, no muscle contraction
Active: abdominal muscle contractions, like forcing liquid out of a syringe

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41
Q

Part of the brain that regulates breathing rate

A

Brain stem
Signals the diaphragm to contract in response to carbon dioxide in the blood

42
Q

External surface of lungs

A

two membranes, one on lungs and one on chest wall. The membranes stick together and allow the lungs to expand when the chest cavity enlarges

43
Q

Alveoli

A

Dead end of the bronchi and bronchioles
300 million sacs that contain the respiratory surface
Surrounded by capillaries

44
Q

Gas exchange

A

Primary function of the lungs
Process that allows acquiring oxygen and releasing CO2
Occurs in air between alveoli and capillaries

45
Q

Diffusion and gas exchange

A

Passive movement of substances from high concentration area to low concentration area
C02 is in high concentration in capillaries, passes to low concentration alveoli
Oxygen is high concentration in alveoli, passes to deoxygenated blood in capillaries

46
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein that acquires+transports oxygen
4 separate protein chains, 1 iron that can bind to 1 oxygen each
Contained in red blood cells

47
Q

Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin

A

Carbon monoxide is preferentially loaded into hemoglobin because it bonds more strongly

48
Q

Health problems from smoking

A

Bronchitis- small particles settle in upper respiratory tract and inflame the bronchi
Asthma-particulates worsen
Emphysema-scar tissue in the lungs, damage to alveoli, dead air gets stuck in lungs
Lung cancer-tiniest particulates get drawn into alveoli and accumulate, and some carcinogens in smoke cause mutations

49
Q

Cardiovascular system and components

A

Distributes gases and materials around the body
Circulating fluid (blood), pump (heart), and vascular system (blood vessels and capillaries)

50
Q

Blood-liquid and solid portion

A

Liquid-plasma is water, dissolved proteins, salts, and gases
Solid/cellular-red blood cells and white blood cells

51
Q

What produces cellular components of blood

A

Bone marrow stem cells

52
Q

Red blood cells

A

move oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
packed with hemoglobin, no nucleus or organelles

53
Q

White blood cells

A

immune system, invade attacking organisms

54
Q

Platlets

A

prevent blood loss through clotting
stick to holes in vessel walls
nicotine increases stickiness and increases blood clotting

55
Q

Heart

A

2 muscular pumps
Right: receives deoxygenated blood from body and sends to lungs
Left: receives oxygen rich blood from lungs and sends it into circulation

56
Q

Chambers of the heart (2 per side, 4 total)

A

R and L atrium on top w/ thin walls
R and L ventricle on bottom with thick walls

57
Q

Valves of the heart (2)

A

AV (atrioventricular) between atrium and ventricle
Semilunar between ventricle and artery

58
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Also order of contractions

A

Patch of muscle tissue on wall of right atrium that sends out electrical signals to cause atria and then ventricles to contract

59
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Relaxed period (diastole)
Contraction phase (systole)

60
Q

Blood vessels

A

system of tubes carrying blood to and from the heart
arteries, veins, and capillaries

61
Q

Arteries

A

Branching blood vessels that carry blood from the heart

62
Q

Veins

A

Converging vessels that bring blood back to the heart

63
Q

Capillaries

A

tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect smallest arteries with smallest veins

64
Q

Pulse

A

wave of blood caused by ventricular contraction

65
Q

Artery constriction and blood flow

A

Constricted=faster
Relaxed=slower

66
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force of blood against vessel walls
Must be strong enough to move blood through vascular system

67
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Part of circulation system that circulates blood back into lungs and then returns it to the heart
Picks up oxygen and drops off CO2

68
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Pumps blood to the rest of the body
Drops off oxygen and picks up CO2

69
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

cause of most smoking-related deaths
much damage is caused by nicotine

70
Q

Effects of nicotine

A

Stimulates release of epinephrine, which increases HR and blood pressure
increases LDL and reduces HDL
Stimulates blood clot formation, increases risk of stroke+heart attack

71
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms

72
Q

Microbes

A

Organisms that can only be seen through the microscope

73
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled prokaryotic organisms
rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci), spiral (spirochetes)

74
Q

Bacterial structure

A

No nucleus
Nucleoid region with DNA
Gelatinous capsule to help attach to other cells

75
Q

Binary fission

A

Process by which bacteria reproduce
Single parent cell produces 2 identical cells

76
Q

Bacterial infections

A

host cell’s nutrients are used by bacteria for rapid multiplication

77
Q

Toxins

A

Molecules secreted by bacterial cells that cause the symptoms of a bacterial infection

78
Q

Viruses

A

packets of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat
not living
cannot produce toxins

79
Q

Why viruses are not living

A

1) they cannot reproduce without a host cell
2) not made of cells

80
Q

Genes of a virus

A

code for production of the proteins needed to produce more viruses inside the host cell

81
Q

Retrovirus

A

reverse protein synthesis: synthesizes DNA from RNA

82
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat surrounding a virus

83
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Additional structure outside capsid

84
Q

Viral infection

A

Virus gains access to cell by fusing envelope to cell membrane
Uses host amino acids and ribosomes to make viral proteins
New viruses leave the cell

85
Q

Eukaryotic pathogens

A

protozoans, worms, fungi
Spread by contamination
No vaccines commonly given

86
Q

Immune system lines of defense

A

1: skin+mucus membranes
2: phagocytes, macrophages, inflammation, defensive proteins, and fever
3: lymphocytes

87
Q

Skin and mucous membranes

A

External, physical and chemical barriers that are nonspecific

88
Q

Phagocytes

A

white blood cells that indiscriminately attack and ingest invaders

89
Q

Macrophages

A

one type of white blood cell that moves through lymphatic fluid and engulfs dead+damaged cells

90
Q

Natural killer cells

A

nonspecific white blood cells that attack tumor cells and virus infected cells

91
Q

Inflammation

A

Damaged cells release chemicals that stimulate histamines

92
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins produced by infected cells to help uninfected cells resist infection

93
Q

Complement system

A

part of the immune system that enhances immune response

94
Q

Antigens

A

Traces left by pathogens

95
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that react to small microorganisms before disease has started
Create antibodies

96
Q

T cells

A

lymphocytes that respond to already mutated/infected cells like cancer cells
Directly attack invaders

97
Q

Antibodies

A

bind to and inactivate antigens

98
Q

Lymphocytes
- where they come from
- where they live

A

Lymphocytes are specific, and they are produced by stem cells in either the bone marrow (b cells) or the thymus gland (T cells)

99
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

The immune system attacks self-proteins

100
Q

Cell mediated vs antibody mediated immunity

A

Cell mediated: T-cell response that produces cytoxic (attack+kill) and helper T cells (boost immune response)
Antibody: B cells secrete antibodies and creates memory cells with the exact same DNA and exact same antibody

BI101 (7 decks)

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