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BI101 > Module 4 Review (18-21) > Flashcards

Module 4 Review (18-21) Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of similar cells that perform a common function

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2
Q

Types of tissue (4)

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial/epithelium

A

Tightly packed sheets that cover/line
One face is exposed (like skin)
Functions to protect, secrete, and absorb
Constantly slough off and replace cells

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4
Q

Connective tissue
6 types

A

Binds organs+tissues to each other
Cells embedded in a matrix of protein fibers and gel
loose, adipose, blood, fibrous connective, cartilage, bone

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5
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Most widespread connective tissue
Connects epithelia to underlying tissues, holds organs in place, and pads under the skin
Matrix contains collagen and elastin

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6
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat tissue that connects skin to underlying structures and insulates+protects organs

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7
Q

Blood

A

Circulates throughout the body and transports oxygen+nutrients to cells

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8
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Forms tendons that connect muscles to bones and ligaments that connect bones to each other (joints)

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9
Q

Cartilage

A

Made of chondrocytes
Connects muscles with bones, makes up ears and nose, and allows for shock absorption

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10
Q

Bone

A

Make up the skeleton, provide framework for the body

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11
Q

Muscle tissue
3 types

A

Most abundant tissue in animals
Makes up “meat”
Contains actin and myosin that allow cells to contract
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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12
Q

Differentiation of muscle cells (2 ways)

A

Voluntary vs. involuntary
Smooth vs. striated

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

attached to bone
responsible for voluntary movement
Striated

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only in heart tissue
Involuntary striated

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15
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Makes up internal organs, blood vessels, and digestive system

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16
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Composed of neurons that conduct and transmit electrical impulses
Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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17
Q

Organs

A

Structures composed of 2+ tissues that work to produce a specific function

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18
Q

Organ system

A

Many organs interact to form a common function

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19
Q

Feedback

A

information sent to a control center (the brain) to direct a cell, tissue, or organ to turn up/down a process

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20
Q

Negative feedback

A

Negates change
The product inhibits the process
eg. heating system

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21
Q

Positive feedback

A

Promotes change
Product intensifies the process
eg. hormones from contractions

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22
Q

Path of the digestive system

A

Mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum

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23
Q

Role of the mouth in digestive system

A

Mechanical breakdown of food
Saliva enzymes break down carbs

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24
Q

Pharynx

A

Branches into trachea (to lungs) and esophagus (to stomach)

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25
Esophagus
Pathway to the stomach Peristalsis-contractions of smooth muscle down the esophagus to move food
26
Small intestine
20 ft. long tube that is the major site for chemical digestion
27
Pancreas
Produces most of the digestive enzymes for the small intestine
28
Accessory organs
Liver (metabolizes toxins) Pancreas (creates digestive enzymes) Gallbladder (stores bile)
29
Villi
Membranous projections of the small intestine that absorb substances from the small intestine into the bloodstream
30
Microvilli
Transport nutrients into the blood vessels inside villus
31
Gastrin
Hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates digestion Hormones regulate digestion
32
Urinary system and parts
removes waste while retaining materials Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
33
Nephrons
Looped tubules packed into the kidneys surrounded by capillaries that take the waste out of the bloodstream
34
Phases of kidney waste-processing
1) Filtration in Bowman's capsule Blood pressure forces plasma into nephrons for filtration 2) Reabsorption of water, sugars, and amino acids into kidney tissue, salt and water separated 3) Secretion of low concentration wastes into plasma, moves into collecting duct that leads to renal pelvis 4) excretion of fluid that collects in renal pelvis-only waste. Water and materials are returned to bloodstream
35
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Smoke emitted by lighted end+smoke exhaled by active smoker
36
Most abundant gas in ETS
Carbon monoxide 5x more abundant in ETS than in inhaled smoke
37
Particulates
particles with a diameter less than 1/2 the width of a human hair "Tar"
38
Human respiratory system
Enter through mouth and nose Pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-lungs-diaphragm
39
Diaphragm
Strong, dome shaped muscle that separates respiratory system from digestive and reproductive systems Contracts and flattens to increase chest cavity
40
Passive vs active exhalation
Passive: like releasing air from a balloon, no muscle contraction Active: abdominal muscle contractions, like forcing liquid out of a syringe
41
Part of the brain that regulates breathing rate
Brain stem Signals the diaphragm to contract in response to carbon dioxide in the blood
42
External surface of lungs
two membranes, one on lungs and one on chest wall. The membranes stick together and allow the lungs to expand when the chest cavity enlarges
43
Alveoli
Dead end of the bronchi and bronchioles 300 million sacs that contain the respiratory surface Surrounded by capillaries
44
Gas exchange
Primary function of the lungs Process that allows acquiring oxygen and releasing CO2 Occurs in air between alveoli and capillaries
45
Diffusion and gas exchange
Passive movement of substances from high concentration area to low concentration area C02 is in high concentration in capillaries, passes to low concentration alveoli Oxygen is high concentration in alveoli, passes to deoxygenated blood in capillaries
46
Hemoglobin
protein that acquires+transports oxygen 4 separate protein chains, 1 iron that can bind to 1 oxygen each Contained in red blood cells
47
Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin
Carbon monoxide is preferentially loaded into hemoglobin because it bonds more strongly
48
Health problems from smoking
Bronchitis- small particles settle in upper respiratory tract and inflame the bronchi Asthma-particulates worsen Emphysema-scar tissue in the lungs, damage to alveoli, dead air gets stuck in lungs Lung cancer-tiniest particulates get drawn into alveoli and accumulate, and some carcinogens in smoke cause mutations
49
Cardiovascular system and components
Distributes gases and materials around the body Circulating fluid (blood), pump (heart), and vascular system (blood vessels and capillaries)
50
Blood-liquid and solid portion
Liquid-plasma is water, dissolved proteins, salts, and gases Solid/cellular-red blood cells and white blood cells
51
What produces cellular components of blood
Bone marrow stem cells
52
Red blood cells
move oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body packed with hemoglobin, no nucleus or organelles
53
White blood cells
immune system, invade attacking organisms
54
Platlets
prevent blood loss through clotting stick to holes in vessel walls nicotine increases stickiness and increases blood clotting
55
Heart
2 muscular pumps Right: receives deoxygenated blood from body and sends to lungs Left: receives oxygen rich blood from lungs and sends it into circulation
56
Chambers of the heart (2 per side, 4 total)
R and L atrium on top w/ thin walls R and L ventricle on bottom with thick walls
57
Valves of the heart (2)
AV (atrioventricular) between atrium and ventricle Semilunar between ventricle and artery
58
Sinoatrial (SA) node Also order of contractions
Patch of muscle tissue on wall of right atrium that sends out electrical signals to cause atria and then ventricles to contract
59
Cardiac cycle
Relaxed period (diastole) Contraction phase (systole)
60
Blood vessels
system of tubes carrying blood to and from the heart arteries, veins, and capillaries
61
Arteries
Branching blood vessels that carry blood from the heart
62
Veins
Converging vessels that bring blood back to the heart
63
Capillaries
tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect smallest arteries with smallest veins
64
Pulse
wave of blood caused by ventricular contraction
65
Artery constriction and blood flow
Constricted=faster Relaxed=slower
66
Blood pressure
Force of blood against vessel walls Must be strong enough to move blood through vascular system
67
Pulmonary circuit
Part of circulation system that circulates blood back into lungs and then returns it to the heart Picks up oxygen and drops off CO2
68
Systemic circuit
Pumps blood to the rest of the body Drops off oxygen and picks up CO2
69
Cardiovascular disease
cause of most smoking-related deaths much damage is caused by nicotine
70
Effects of nicotine
Stimulates release of epinephrine, which increases HR and blood pressure increases LDL and reduces HDL Stimulates blood clot formation, increases risk of stroke+heart attack
71
Pathogens
Disease causing organisms
72
Microbes
Organisms that can only be seen through the microscope
73
Bacteria
Single celled prokaryotic organisms rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci), spiral (spirochetes)
74
Bacterial structure
No nucleus Nucleoid region with DNA Gelatinous capsule to help attach to other cells
75
Binary fission
Process by which bacteria reproduce Single parent cell produces 2 identical cells
76
Bacterial infections
host cell's nutrients are used by bacteria for rapid multiplication
77
Toxins
Molecules secreted by bacterial cells that cause the symptoms of a bacterial infection
78
Viruses
packets of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat not living cannot produce toxins
79
Why viruses are not living
1) they cannot reproduce without a host cell 2) not made of cells
80
Genes of a virus
code for production of the proteins needed to produce more viruses inside the host cell
81
Retrovirus
reverse protein synthesis: synthesizes DNA from RNA
82
Capsid
Protein coat surrounding a virus
83
Enveloped viruses
Additional structure outside capsid
84
Viral infection
Virus gains access to cell by fusing envelope to cell membrane Uses host amino acids and ribosomes to make viral proteins New viruses leave the cell
85
Eukaryotic pathogens
protozoans, worms, fungi Spread by contamination No vaccines commonly given
86
Immune system lines of defense
1: skin+mucus membranes 2: phagocytes, macrophages, inflammation, defensive proteins, and fever 3: lymphocytes
87
Skin and mucous membranes
External, physical and chemical barriers that are nonspecific
88
Phagocytes
white blood cells that indiscriminately attack and ingest invaders
89
Macrophages
one type of white blood cell that moves through lymphatic fluid and engulfs dead+damaged cells
90
Natural killer cells
nonspecific white blood cells that attack tumor cells and virus infected cells
91
Inflammation
Damaged cells release chemicals that stimulate histamines
92
Interferons
Proteins produced by infected cells to help uninfected cells resist infection
93
Complement system
part of the immune system that enhances immune response
94
Antigens
Traces left by pathogens
95
B cells
lymphocytes that react to small microorganisms before disease has started Create antibodies
96
T cells
lymphocytes that respond to already mutated/infected cells like cancer cells Directly attack invaders
97
Antibodies
bind to and inactivate antigens
98
Lymphocytes - where they come from - where they live
Lymphocytes are specific, and they are produced by stem cells in either the bone marrow (b cells) or the thymus gland (T cells)
99
Autoimmune disease
The immune system attacks self-proteins
100
Cell mediated vs antibody mediated immunity
Cell mediated: T-cell response that produces cytoxic (attack+kill) and helper T cells (boost immune response) Antibody: B cells secrete antibodies and creates memory cells with the exact same DNA and exact same antibody

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