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BI101 > Exam 2 Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 Quiz Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Humans possess (chromosomes)

A

1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes.

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2
Q

Crossing over occurs during

A

prophase I of meiosis I.

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3
Q

Combined, your parents could have produced as many as ________ different types of children, genetically speaking.

A

64 trillion

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4
Q

Alternate forms of a gene are called

A

Alleles

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5
Q

Which of the following is a result of crossing over during meiosis?

A

Chromosomes with new combinations of alleles are created.

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6
Q

What is the name for the point at which the two halves of a duplicated chromosome are connected?

A

centromere

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7
Q

What is it called when homologous pairs of chromosomes fail to separate?

A

nondisjunction

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8
Q

The members of a pair of chromosomes are called
a) gametes.
b) sister chromatids.
c) alleles.
d) diploids.
e) homologous chromosomes.

A

homologous chromosomes.
Gametes are sex cells
Sister chromatids are two halves of one chromosome
Alleles are versions of a gene
Diploids are cells with two sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

How does crossing over increase genetic diversity?

A

Crossing over increases the different combinations of genes present in a gamete.
Crossing over is the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent)

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10
Q

What type of normal human cell contains 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes?

A

somatic cell of a female
Males have an X and Y chromosome
Females have two X
Sperm and egg cells have only an X or a Y

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11
Q

Which nucleotide sequence will be replicated from a stretch of DNA with the sequence GCAGCGGAT?

A

CGTCGCCTA
C with G, A with T

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12
Q

What are the two halves of a duplicated chromosome called?

A

Sister chromatids

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13
Q

What is meant by the “multiple hit” model of cancer?

A

cancer progression requires multiple mutations (loss of contact inhibition, loss of anchorage dependence, angiogenesis, immortalization)
Mutations can be inherited or developed during a person’s lifetime

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14
Q

Through which body system are cancer cells able to travel to different locations in the body?

A

Bloodstream or lymphatic system

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15
Q

True or false: Only individuals with cancer have proto-oncogenes.

A

False. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that enable organisms to regulate cell division.

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16
Q

Tumors are the result of

A

unregulated cell division

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17
Q

Which description would fit cancer?

A

unregulated cell replication

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18
Q

Which is a common feature of cancer cells?
metastasis
controlled division
anchorage dependence
contact inhibition

A

Metastasis

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19
Q

How does radiation therapy work on cancer cells?

A

It kills remaining cancer cells with high energy waves

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20
Q

In a family of four children, one has Type O blood, one has Type AB blood, one has Type B blood, and one has Type A blood. What are the possible genotypes of the parents?

A

IBi and IAi
Type O is recessive, meaning the child would have to get the type O gene from both parents

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21
Q

A male family member is affected by hemophilia. On his family’s pedigree chart, what symbol would represent him?

A

Shaded square
Circle=female
Square=male
Shaded=affected

22
Q

In humans, what ordinarily determines the sex of the offspring?

A

Sex chromosome from the sperm cell
Eggs always contain 2 X chromosomes, so the sperm cell determines whether an X or a Y will be added

23
Q

How is codominance expressed?

A

Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote.

24
Q

What pattern of inheritance produces offspring with orange flowers from a cross between a plant with yellow flowers and a plant with red flowers?

A

Incomplete dominance

25
Q

A woman with curly hair (CC) has a wavy-haired child. The child’s father has straight hair. What is the genotype of the child?

A

Cc
Curly is dominant, so straight hair is recessive (cc)

26
Q

The ABO blood system in humans is governed by three alleles: IA is the blood type A allele, IB is the blood type B allele, and i is the blood type O allele. IA and IB are codominant, while i is recessive. What phenotypes would be predicted for children whose father has blood type AB and whose mother has blood type O?

A

50% type A, 50% type B
Type O requires two parents to have type O, so no children could have type O
The father has type A and B, so A and B will dominate the i

27
Q

A man with green colorblindness (Xg Y) marries a woman who does not carry the green colorblindness allele. What is the probability that one of their sons will have green colorblindness?

A

0%
Colorblindness is recessive, which means both parents have to contribute the recessive X allele

28
Q

Red-green colorblindness is an X-linked trait. Color vision (XR) is dominant to red-green colorblindness (Xr). Cynthia has red-green colorblindness, and so does her husband, Tom. What is the probability that a female child of theirs would have red-green colorblindness?

A

100%
If both parents have the recessive genotype, their child will certainly have colorblindness

29
Q

Jennifer has type A blood, with a genotype of IAi. True or false: Jennifer’s blood type displays codominance.

A

False
Jennifer has type A blood, type i is recessive to type A

30
Q

True or false: A person with blood type AB could not have a child with blood type O.

A

True
Both parents must have the type O allele

31
Q

Tanya is a carrier of the X-linked recessive trait red-green colorblindness. True or false: Tanya has normal color vision.

A

Being a carrier means you are heterozygous, so the dominant allele will be present not the recessive

32
Q

In pea plants, the allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant to the allele for white flowers (p). In a cross between a purple-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant, all 73 of the offspring plants had purple flowers. Which cross would provide such results?

A

PPxpp

33
Q

In pea plants, the allele for purple flowers ( P) is dominant to the allele for white flowers ( p). In a cross between two heterozygous purple flower plants what would the offspring look like?

A

75% purple, 25% white

34
Q

In humans, straight thumbs are caused by the dominant allele T, while individuals who are tt have thumbs that curve backward (“hitchhiker’s thumb”). Consider a family in which the father has straight thumbs, and both the mother and their only child have curved thumbs. What is the chance that their next child will have curved thumbs?

A

50%
The father must be Tt for the child to be tt

35
Q

If a man with one dominant gene for Huntington’s disease marries a woman who has no genes for the disease, what is the probability that their child will have the disease?

A

50%
Huntington’s is a dominant disorder, so it only needs one dominant gene

36
Q

What percentage of alleles will be shared by certain siblings due to the law of independent assortment?

A

50% in typical siblings
100% in monozygotic twins

37
Q

Two carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene conceive a child. What is the probability that their child would have cystic fibrosis?

A

25%
Carriers are heterozygotes (Cc)

38
Q

What process replaces defective human genes with normal, functional genes?

A

Gene therapy

39
Q

Which statement describes recombinant DNA molecules?

A

Recombinant DNA molecules contain DNA from more than one organism.

40
Q

What building blocks form a DNA molecule?

A

nucleotides

41
Q

Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in a DNA molecule?

A

Thymine
In RNA it’s Uracil

42
Q

What molecule does a sequence of DNA typically code for?

A

Protein

43
Q

What determines the structure of a protein?

A

the sequence of the amino acids it contains

44
Q

What process copies a sequence of DNA nucleotides into a complementary sequence of RNA nucleotides?

A

Transcription

45
Q

Which molecule serves as the template during transcription?

A

DNA

46
Q

Which molecule serves as the template during translation?

A

mRNA

47
Q

If a DNA sequence of a gene reads, in part, TAACAGGTCA, what is the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?

A

ATTGTCCAGT
T would become U in an RNA strand

48
Q

What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) also called?

A

Transgenic organisms

49
Q

What changes should result from using stem cells in therapeutic cloning?

A

healthy tissue

50
Q

Some pet owners have now started to have favorite pets cloned. Why is it unlikely that a cloned pet will be the same as the original pet?

A

Characteristics of an organism are affected by the environment as well as by DNA.

51
Q

True or false: Treatment with rBGH has no effect on cows.

A

False

52
Q

True or false: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genetic material can be combined to produce recombinant proteins.

A

True, bacteria are used to created recombinant proteins

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