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BI101 > Exam 3 Review (11-15) > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review (11-15) Flashcards

1
Q

Biological evolution

A

a change in the characteristics of a biological population over the course of generations

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2
Q

Macro evolution

A

Accumulation of microevolutionary changes that result in a new species

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3
Q

Micro evolution

A

Changes within a population

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4
Q

Natural selection (in terms of a process)

A

the process by which populations adapt to their changing environment

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5
Q

Scientific theory

A

substantial statement that is the current best explanation of how the universe works supported by numerous lines of evidence

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6
Q

Theory of evolution

A

all species on Earth today are descended from a single common ancestor, and they all represent millions of years of accumulated microevolutionary changes

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7
Q

Common descent

A

The part of the theory of evolution that all species have a single common ancestor

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8
Q

Other hypotheses for the origin of life

A

a) static model: species arise separately and do not change over time in the past 10,000 years
b) transformation hypothesis: species arise separately and change over time but no new species have arisen
c) separate types: each group of species has a separate common ancestor

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9
Q

Homology

A

similarities between species in anatomy, behavior, and genes

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10
Q

Convergent evolution

A

development of similar structures in unrelated organisms with similar lifestyles (eg. birds and bats have wings)

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11
Q

Vestigal traits

A

Nonfunctional or reduced features, eg. functionless wings on ostriches

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12
Q

Anatomical homology (convergent evolution and vestigal traits)

A

organisms that look different have similar structures

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13
Q

Developmental homology

A

similarities in the process of development from zygote to adult

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14
Q

Evidence for common descent

A

Anatomical homology, developmental homologies, molecular homology, biogeography, and the fossil record

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15
Q

Molecular homology

A

DNA homology
Similarities in DNA in different species suggest a common ancestor with that sequence.
Eg. humans and chimpanzees have 99.01% similar DNA sequences

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16
Q

Biogeography

A

Distribution of species on Earth. Similarities between species in different areas suggest a divergence from a common ancestor

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17
Q

The fossil record

A

The remains of extinct organisms show progression from ancient to modern forms of the organism

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18
Q

Radiometric dating

A

measures radioactive decay related to daughter product released by radioactive material in a rock sample to determine the age of the rock

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19
Q

How natural selection causes evolution

A

Physical or behavioral traits that lead to increased survival or reproduction become common in a population, while less favorable traits are lost. The accumulation of these changes can result in a new species.

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20
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Anatomical homology, vestigial traits, biogeography, homology in development/embryology, homology of DNA, the fossil record

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21
Q

how drug resistant strains of tuberculosis have evolved

A

Drug treatment kills off the bacteria that are not naturally resistant, but leaves the bacterium that are naturally resistant. Those bacteria can then continue to reproduce and pass on their resistance once the drug treatment stops, creating a new strand of bacterium that are drug resistant.

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22
Q

4 observations that lead to the inference of natural selection

A

A) Individuals within populations vary
B) some of these variations can be passed down to offspring
C) populations produce more offspring than will survive
D) survival and reproduction are not random-the organisms that survive and reproduce are better adapted

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23
Q

The modern synthesis

A

genetic principles can explain how natural selection causes evolution. The random process of gene mutation creates new variations, and natural selection then acts as a filter that selects for or against the new alleles.

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24
Q

Misconceptions about natural selection (debunked)

A

A) Natural selection cannot cause new traits to arise- rather, natural selection can only select for traits that are present in the population
B) Natural selection does not result in perfection-there are always trade offs
C) Natural selection does not lead to progression towards a goal, like chimps evolving into humans-it adapts organisms to their current environment. It does not make organisms more complex necessarily

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25
Q

Tuberculosis

A

TB, mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium that damages lung tissue by creating tubercules

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26
Q

Natural selection

A

one way that organisms evolve from a common ancestor, physical/behavioral traits that lead to increased survival and reproduction become common in a population, while less favorable traits are lost

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27
Q

Variation/variant

A

each different type of individual in a population

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28
Q

Fitness (relative)

A

the survival and reproduction of one variant in relation to others within the same population

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29
Q

Adaptations (relation to fitness)

A

traits that increase relative fitness

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30
Q

Ecology

A

field of biology that focuses on interactions among organisms and between organisms and the environment

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31
Q

Population

A

all of the individuals of a species living in a certain area

32
Q

Features of a population

A

a) distribution-the spacing of individuals
b) density-abundance

33
Q

Types of distribution

A

a) clumped (high density in resource-rich areas, lower density elsewhere)
b) uniform
c) random

34
Q

Exponential growth

A

Human population growth-J shaped graph where growth occurs in proportion to current total

35
Q

Growth rate

A

% change in size of a population over a year, function of birth rate minus death rate

36
Q

Demographic transition

A

The period of time between when death rates fall and when birth rates fall

37
Q

Why populations (esp. humans) go through demographic transition

A

Less developed countries are still in demographic transition. Death rate falls because of medical advancement, but birth rates have not yet because of societal expectations

38
Q

Carrying capacity

A

maximum population that can be supported indefinitely

39
Q

Factors that affect carrying capacity

A

Density-dependent
Density-independent

40
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

population-limiting factors that increase in intensity as population increases, like limited food supplies

41
Q

Density-independent factors

A

influence growth rate regardless of density: drought/temperature

42
Q

Signs that humans have not neared carrying capacity

A

a) death rates continue to decline-people aren’t running out of resources
population growth is slowing because of lower birth rates
b) we have not consumed 100% of the NPP

43
Q

Net primary productivity

A

measure of all the food energy available on Earth

44
Q

Signs that we are nearing carrying capacity

A

a) humans need more than just food
b) every new person also creates pollution
c) we rely on nonrenewable resources that will run out

45
Q

Population crash

A

steep decline in population caused by too many individuals competing for too few resources

46
Q

Population cycle

A

repeated booms and busts in number

47
Q

Demographic momentum

A

Lag between when birth rates fall and population growth actually stops

48
Q

Population pyramid

A

summary of numbers and proportions of each sex and age group

49
Q

Extinction

A

The complete loss of a species or subspecies

50
Q

Biodiversity

A

the entire variety of living organisms

51
Q

mass extinction and how many

A

species losses that are global in scale, affect large numbers of species, and are dramatic in impact
5 so far, potential 6th

52
Q

Background extinction rate

A

the rate at which species are lost through normal evolutionary processes

53
Q

4 categories of extinction threats

A

1) loss/degradation of habitat
2) introduction of nonnative species
3) overexploitation
4) effects of pollution

54
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

large areas of intact natural habitat are subdivided
Causes lower levels of the trophic pyramid to shrink, depriving upper levels of calories

55
Q

Food chain

A

energy runs from producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers (predators)

56
Q

Coevolution

A

a pair or group of species adapt to each other via natural selection
Some species are not adapted to the introduced species

57
Q

Consequences of extinction

A

A) Loss of resources: economic, biological, and genetic
B) Predation, mutualism, and competition affected
C) Energy and chemical flows affected
D) Human psychological toll

58
Q

Biological community

A

all organisms living together in a particular area

59
Q

Ecological niche

A

each species occupies a specific role or job, each part creates a food web

60
Q

Four types of species interactions

A

A) mutualism
B) predation
C) competition
D) keystone species

61
Q

Mutualism

A

interaction between two species that benefit each other
eg. bees and flowering plants

62
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits another but the other is unaffected
eg. cattle and egrets

63
Q

Predation

A

the survival of one species dependent on eating another
eg. warblers and insects

64
Q

Competition

A

two species both rely on the same resources
eg. salmonella and neutral bacteria

65
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

using a competitive species to take up all the resources available in an environment in order to exclude a harmful species

66
Q

Keystone species

A

a species that holds together the web of life like a keystone in an archway
eg. wolves in Yellowstone change elk behavior which maintains populations of hardwood trees

67
Q

Ecosystem

A

all of the organisms in an area along with their non-biological environment

68
Q

Energy flow and extinction
Diversity and extinction

A

the amount of biomass at the producer level determines the size of the population at the highest level.
Decline in diversity=decline in energy available

69
Q

Nutrient cycling

A

Essential mineral nutrients move through the food web from inorganic forms to plants to primary consumers, etc. Returns to inorganic form through decomposers

70
Q

Nitrogen and extinction

A

More nitrogen=more plants=more higher trophic levels
Changes in the nutrient cycle affect native plants

71
Q

Ways to save species

A

A) protecting habitat
B) protecting small species
C) conserving genetic variability

72
Q

Protecting habitat

A

A) protecting the greatest number of species
B) protecting habitat for critically endangered species
C) decreasing rate of habitat destruction

73
Q

Small population risks

A

Small populations are more vulnerable, the smaller it is, the more likely a random catastrophe would eliminate it

74
Q

Genetic variability
Effects on fitness

A

the sum of all the alleles and their distribution in a species
Low genetic variability reduces fitness
Lack of ability to adapt to changes because no individuals may possess the necessary trait

75
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

A) if each allele codes for a functional protein, a heterozygote has two functional proteins
B) if one allele is deleterious, a heterozygote will have a backup

76
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in the frequency of an allele that occurs simply by chance within a population
Smaller population=less of an infrequent allele

BI101 (7 decks)

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