Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BI101 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

Disease that occurs when a cell replicates unregulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differences between cancer cell and normal cell

A

Cancer cells are damaged or altered in some way that allows them to bypass normal checks and balances within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division where one parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tumor

A

lump of cells that forms due to unregulated cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benign

A

Tumors that stay in one place and don’t affect other areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Malignant

A

tumors that infiltrate surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Metastasis

A

cells from a malignant tumor break off and start cancer in new areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organelle is important in cancer?

A

The nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A

Inherited (genetic)
Environmental (carcinogens) like UV rays and smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How metastasis works

A

Blood vessels send out extensions to the tumors, which allows tumor cells to travel to other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The process that tumors use to make the body provide nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Apoptosis

A

A cellular version of suicide. Cancer cells do not apostatize, meaning they accumulate mutations rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 ways that cancer cells spread

A

a) Transcoelomic: malignant cells enter peritoneum in body cavities
b) Lymphatic: cancer invades the lymph nodes and travels through the lymphatic system, which empties into the blood system
c) Hematogenous: Cancer cells invade blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures created when DNA in the nucleus of a cell is wrapped around proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two halves of the replicated chromosome, connected at the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Semiconservative DNA replication

A

process by which two identical daughter molecules are produced with half parental DNA and half new DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that facilitates DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any body cells that do not produce sex cells (gametes)
Mitosis occurs in somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis (PMAT)
Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Interphase

A

The phase cells spend the most time in
G1: organelles duplicate, cell grows larger
S: DNA replication
G2: cell continues to grow and prepare for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prophase

A

first part of mitosis. Chromosomes condense, microtubules form, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles anchor microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Metaphase

A

second part of mitosis. Chromosomes align single file at equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anaphase

A

third part of mitosis. Halves of sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms around new daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cytokinesis (mitosis)

A

division of the cytoplasm. In animal cells, proteins pull apart the two nuclei. In plant cells, a new cell wall is formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Genes involved in normal cell division and growth. They are oncogenes before mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Oncogenes

A

Genes that have the potential to cause cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tumor-suppressor genes

A

genes that inspect and regulate newly replicated DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cancer treatments

A

a) chemotherapy-chemicals kill dividing cells
b) radiation therapy-high energy particles are aimed at the spot where the tumor was removed
c) immunotherapy-uses the immune system to target cells with cancer cell markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

purpose of DNA replication

A

DNA replication involves splitting the helix down the middle and adding new nucleotides to each side, a process carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Haploid vs. Diploid cells

A

Haploid cells have only one member of a homologous pair (one part from mother OR one part from father). They have 23 unpaired chromosomes (egg and sperm cells)
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, 23 homologous pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes with the same genes but potentially different alleles. One member of each pair was inherited from the mother, the other from the father.
Before replication, they are one strand each, after, they are two strands (x shape) each
Present in somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Phases of meiosis

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Meiosis 1
Cytokinesis
Meiosis 2
Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Purpose of meiosis 1

A

Separates homologous pairs from each other. Results in 2 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Purpose of meiosis 2

A

Separates sister chromatids from each other. Results in 4 daughter cells with individual chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Karyotype

A

the complete set of chromosomes in an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y chromosomes (1 pair)

39
Q

Crossing over

A

homologous pairs exchange small amounts of genetic information during prophase 1.

40
Q

Random alignment

A

Unique to meiosis 1. Homologous pairs align randomly in regards to which member is facing which pole

41
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Homologous pairs fail to separate during anaphase 1

42
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Result of nondisjunction
females are born with only one X chromosome

43
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Result of nondisjunction
Males are born with 2 X and 1 Y chromosome

44
Q

Dominant vs recessive traits

A

Dominant traits are expressed even if a different recessive trait is present. Recessive traits are only expressed if there is no dominant trait

45
Q

Genotype vs phenotype

A

The genotype is the total genetic makeup of a person, the phenotype is the expressed traits

46
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

A:B:C (ratio of each possible genotype outcome, including outcomes with 0 chance)

47
Q

Phenotypic ratio

A

A:B (ratio of expressed vs not expressed, like albino or not albino)

48
Q

Genetic variation

A

the result of copying and transmitting genes from one generation to the next

49
Q

Independent assortment

A

each gene is inherited independently of other genes

50
Q

Random fertilization

A

gametes combine without regard to the alleles they carry (any sperm can combine with any egg)

51
Q

Homologous pair

A

one set of maternal and one set of paternal chromosomes with the same genes but potentially different alleles

52
Q

Heterozygous

A

individual carries 2 different alleles for the same gene (Rr)

53
Q

Homozygous

A

individual carries same 2 alleles for the a gene (RR)

54
Q

Carrier

A

heterozygotes for a recessive allele/disease

55
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

phenotype of a heterozygote is in between the two homozygotes (a flower is pink rather than red or white)

56
Q

Codominance

A

two different alleles are displayed at the same time (red and white spots)

57
Q

Multiple alleles

A

there are more than 2 alleles of a gene within a population (3 blood types)

58
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene influences 2+ traits

59
Q

Sex-linked genes (X-linked and Y-linked)

A

conditions that are more common in either males or females (color blindness is an X linked trait)

60
Q

Genotypes for each blood type

A

O: ii
A: I^Ai, I^AI^A
B: I^Bi, I^BI^B
AB: I^AI^B

61
Q

Universal donor and universal recipient

A

Type O is universal donor: no markers means no interactions
Type AB is universal recipient, can receive any blood type

62
Q

Pedigree

A

Family tree that follows the inheritance of a trait for generations

63
Q

Single gene vs polygenic inheritance

A

Single gene inheritance requires only one on-off gene
Polygenic traits are influenced by more than one gene

64
Q

Quantitative traits

A

Polygenic and interact with the environment eg. height
Exist on a continuous variation (bell curve)

65
Q

Features of bell curve

A

Highest point: mean
Width: variance/variability (average distance from any individual to the mean)
Low variance=similar appearance within a population for that trait

66
Q

Heritability

A

Determines the role of genes in determining a quantitative trait
Uses correlations between individuals with varying genetic similarity

67
Q

Identical vs fraternal twins

A

identical: monozygotic (develop from one zygote, cells in embryo split) identical genetics
fraternal: dizygotic (2 separate zygotes)

68
Q

DNA profiling

A

uses differences in DNA sequence go identify people
hones in on 13 Short Tandem Repeaters (STRs)

69
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

process to amplify cells, heat denatures DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds, creates 2 strands of DNA

70
Q

Main processes that contribute to genetic diversity

A

a) gene mutation creates genetic diversity
b) segregation (separating pairs of alleles during meiosis) and independent assortment create gamete diversity
c) random fertilization

71
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The process of converting DNA into proteins, using the instructions carried by a gene
2 stages: transcription and translation

72
Q

DNA

A

Polymer of nucleotides A,T,C, and G
Sugar is deoxyribose
Double helix

73
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid, result of a gene being copied from DNA
Single strand polymer of nucleotides A,C, G and U (uracil)

74
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that encodes a protein

75
Q

Transcription

A

DNA->mRNA
DNA gene is copied into RNA by RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase binds to beginning of gene (promoter) and unzips the DNA in nucleus
RNA nucleotides match with DNA nucleotides and exit the nucleus
DNA winds back up

76
Q

Translation

A

RNA sequence is decoded and protein is produced
mRNA is threaded between large and small ribosome subunits
mRNA codons bind to tRNA anticodons, forming a peptide bond
Ribosome adds tRNA amino acid

77
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
Makes up ribosomes

78
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA
Carries one specific amino acid

79
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid that matches a tRNA anticodon

80
Q

Anticodon

A

3 tRNA nucleotides that complement a codon

81
Q

Stop codon

A

Codon that does not code for an amino acid

82
Q

Genetic code

A

The set of rules used by cells to translate genes into proteins
In the form of nucleotide triplets
64 codons, 61 code for amino acids

83
Q

Properties of the genetic code

A

Redundant (the same amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon)
Unambiguous (no codon can call for more than one amino acid at once)
Universal (same gene=same protein across organisms)

84
Q

Mutations and outcomes

A

Changes in the nucleotide sequences of DNA
-no change (neutral mutation)
-non-functional mutation
-different function

85
Q

Substitution mutations

A

One nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide

86
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Addition/insertion or deletion of a nucleotide
Changes the reading frame by shifting codon groups

87
Q

Cloning

A

Creating many copies of a gene
Used to make recombinant proteins

88
Q

Steps of cloning to make recombinant proteins

A
  1. remove the gene from the organism using restriction enzymes
  2. insert the gene into the plasmid of a bacteria, where the plasmid and gene will reform into a new plasmid, now a recombinant gene
  3. insert into the bacteria cell, and injected into the original organism
89
Q

Transgenic organism

A

Organism with a gene from another species in its genome

90
Q

CRISPR

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
Ability to directly alter, delete, or replace a DNA sequence
1. Guide to find DNA sequence
2. Enzyme to cut out and replace DNA

91
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells with no specific purpose
Can be embryonic or adult
Adult stem cells serve to replace and maintain tissues

92
Q

Gene therapy

A

the process of replacing defective genes with effective ones

93
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

process of separating short tandem repeaters (STRs) and putting them in agarose gel. When an electric current is applied, the segments separate based on size and create a DNA fingerprint.

BI101 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions