module 4 quiz Flashcards
parasympathetic
heart is encouraged to slow down (rest and digest)
Sympathetic
heart is encouraged to speed up (fight or flight)
how are neurons different from muscle cells
muscle cells don’t secrete and neurons don’t contract
myeline
nodes of ranvier
little gaps on axon where there is no myelin
nervous system is
not fully myelinated
local potentials
- graded
-decremental
-reversible
can be excitatory or inhibitory
saltatory conduction
nodes - allow tones of sodium to rush in and jump from node to node
1st neuron
presynaptic neuron - secretes neurotransmitters
2nd neuron
postsynaptic neuron - receives neurotransmitters
4 neurotransmitter groups
Acetylcholine
amino-acid neurotransmitters
monoamines
neuropeptides
cocaine
blocks dopamine transporters
3 kinds of synapses
excitatory cholinergic synapse
inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse
excitatory adrenergic synapse
excitatory cholinergic synapse
acetylcholine ex. NMJ
inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse
GABA, binds to chloride channels (Cl-) make
inside cell even more negative (hyperpolarization)
excitatory adrenergic synapse
NE, releases adrenaline neurotransmitter
(norepinephrine), excitatory, uses NE causes amplifying/making more enzymes
Neuromodulators
- raise or lower number of receptors
- alter neurotransmitter release, synthesis or breakdown
excitatory local potentials
excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
inhibitory local potentials
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
circuit
one synapse between one neuron can be interpreted by many different
things, circuits can go in either direction, neurons with most synapses most important
synaptic potentiation
persistant strengthing of synapses that leads to long lasting increase in communication between neurons
tetanic stimulation
gives chance to remember – longer Ca is in the knob the more neurotransmitters are released – memory stays for longer
diverging
- most common
- one to many
converging
many to one
reverberating
- constant cycle of information with no break
- gives us a constant flow of calcium
- move quickly
- how we learn ex. flash cards
parellel
brain sends out info at once and then it lingers like pain
how do synapses communicate
using neurotransmitters
saltatory conduction
sodium-electrical current
how electrical impulses jump from node to node down an axon
presynaptic inhibition
releases neurotransmitters that block local potentials from getting in the call body
- blocks pain
synapse
- communication between 2 neurons
axodendritic
between the axon and the dendrite
axosomatic
synapse between axon and the cell body
axoaxonic
synapse between 2 axons
