Module 4 L1-2

Question 1

How cells respond to injury

Answer 1

Homeostasis, Adaptation, Cell injury, Cell Death

Question 2

Hypertrophy definition

Answer 2

Increase in size

Question 3

Hypertrophy occurs in what cells

Answer 3

Cells incapable of dividing - striated cells skeletal muscle and heart

Question 4

Hypertrophy causes

Answer 4

Increased workload, uterus in pregnancy, hypertension, aortic valve, adrenergic hormones, stretching

Question 5

Hyperplasia definition

Answer 5

Increase in number

Question 6

Hyperplasia physical examples

Answer 6

Boob growth, compensatory hyperplasia (regeneration of liver)

Question 7

Hyperplasia pathologic examples

Answer 7

excessive hormonal growth or growth factor stimulation, hyperplastic tissue may eventually become malignant

Question 8

Atrophy definition

Answer 8

decrease in size

Question 9

Atrophy causes

Answer 9

Decreased workload, loss of innervation, reduced blood supply, inadequate nutrition, aging, increased protein degradation, reduced protein synthesis

Question 10

Metaplasia definition

Answer 10

one adult cell type is replaced by another, reversible change

Question 11

Metaplasia examples

Answer 11

Ciliated cells in trachea to clear mucous, in smokers baretts esophagus

Question 12

Cancerous cell adaptations

Answer 12

Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Hyperplasia

Question 13

Dysplasia definition

Answer 13

Vary in size, shape, number, organization

Question 14

Dysplasia examples

Answer 14

chronic irritation and inflammation, metaplastic squamous epithelium in respiratory tract and uterine cervix, reversible, pap smear

Question 15

8 Causes of cell injury

Answer 15

Oxygen deprivation, chemical agents, infectious agents, immunological reactions, genetic defects, physical agents, nutritional imbalances, aging

Question 16

Hypoxia

Answer 16

inadequate oxygenation of blood (pneumonia)

Question 17

Ischemia

Answer 17

loss of oxygen supply

Question 18

Astherosclerosis

Answer 18

blockage of coronary arteries

Question 19

Aging

Answer 19

accumuation of damage by ROS loss of telomerase function

Question 20

Ischemia death times

Answer 20

Non contractile 1-2min
Cell death 20-30min
Dead by electron microscopy 2-3hrs
Dead by light microscopy 6-12hrs

Question 21

Mechanisms of Cell injury

Answer 21

atp deletion, mitochondrial damage, membrane damage, calcium influx, increased ROS

Question 22

How to increase calcium influx

Answer 22

release from intracellular calcium stores or calcium influx across plasma membrane

Question 23

Plasma membrane damage

Answer 23

loss of osmotic balance, influx of fluids and ions

Question 24

Lysosomal membrane damage

Answer 24

leakage of enzymes into the cytoplasm and activation of acid hydrolases in acidic intracellular pH of the injured cells

Question 25

Increased ROS leads to

Answer 25

Damaged lipids, proteins, DNA can break, abnormal folding, mutations

Question 26

Necrosis definition

Answer 26

Swell, rupture, and burst

Question 27

Apoptosis

Answer 27

cells destined to die enzymes incapable of degrading cells own dna, programmed destruction, dna damage, accumulation of misfolded proteins

Question 28

Intrinsic apoptosis pathway

Answer 28

Injury stressor injury to bcl2

Question 29

Extrinsic apoptosis pathway

Answer 29

receptor engaged by ligand

Question 30

Reversible cell injury leads to

Answer 30

necrosis

Question 31

Characteristics of reversible injury

Answer 31

Cellular injury and fatty change

Question 32

Characteristics of irreversible injury

Answer 32

Mitochondrial dysfunction and membrane dysfunction

Question 33

Mechanisms for OFRs and ROS

Answer 33

Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, antioxidants, sequestration of free ionized iron and copper

Question 34

Defects in membrane permeability

Answer 34

mitochondrial membrane damage, plasma membrane damage, lysosomal membrane damage