Exam 5 L3-4

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

Abnormal growth of cells or tissues, characterized by dysregulated cell proliferation

Question 2

Difference between malignant and benign

Answer 2

Cancers are less differentiated, invasive, and metastatic

Question 3

Grading

Answer 3

Estimate of aggressiveness level or malignancy, based on differentiation state and greater clinical value like pap smear

Question 4

Three fundamental principles of carcinogenesis

Answer 4

Genetic changes (mutations) lie at the heart of carcinogenesis
Oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes are targets of this damage
Carcinogenesis is often a multistep process with multiple genes involved

Question 5

Oncogenes

Answer 5

genes that encode proteins that promote cancer
results from mutation, gene duplication, normal version is proto oncogene

Question 6

Tumor suppressor gene

Answer 6

Genes that encode proteins that inhibit cancer

Question 7

Two-hit hypothesis

Answer 7

Need a mutation in both genes to lose activity of tumor suppressor to develop cancer

Question 8

Cancer risk increases with

Answer 8

age

Question 9

Pediatric cancers

Answer 9

Tend to have single genetic events that are important at a specific developmental time

Question 10

Adult cancers

Answer 10

Rarely have just a single mutation
Accumulations of somatic mutations
Decline in immune function

Question 11

How telomerase overexpression leads to cell immortalization

Answer 11

Telomeres at the end of chromosomes shortened with every division can lead to abnormalities, TTAGGG repeats, Limitless replicative potential

Question 12

How tumors induce angiogenesis

Answer 12

Tumor cells produce vascular endothelial growth factor to promote angiogenesis

Question 13

How inflammation increases cancer risk

Answer 13

Inflammation results in persistent regenerative cell proliferation or hyperplasia and dna damage as a result of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by immune cells

Question 14

Staging

Answer 14

aggressiveness based on size and spread

Question 15

Retinoblastoma

Answer 15

Childhood retinal cancer

Question 16

Pediatric cancers

Answer 16

have a single genetic event/mutation

Question 17

Adult cancers

Answer 17

rarely have a single genetic mutation

Question 18

Risk factors for cancer

Answer 18

aging, accumulation of somatic mutations, decline in immune function

Question 19

Non smoker lung cancer has

Answer 19

888 mutations

Question 20

Smoker lung cancer has

Answer 20

15k mutations

Question 21

Loss of DNA repair causes

Answer 21

increased mutation rate and increased tumor incidence

Question 22

BRCA 1/2

Answer 22

breast and ovarian cancer

Question 23

Li fraumeni

Answer 23

TP53 many cancers

Question 24

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Answer 24

skin ccancer

Question 25

Ataxia telangiectasia

Answer 25

Mutations in atm gene, lymphoma, leukemia

Question 26

Bloom’s syndrome

Answer 26

mutations in BLM gene, rash

Question 27

Chemical carcinogens

Answer 27

React with dna to make mutations and dna damage epoxides and dihydrols

Question 28

x rays and cosmic radiation

Answer 28

cause genetic lesions, dna strand breaks, reduce tumor suppression genes

Question 29

Alpha, beta, gamma radiation

Answer 29

dna strand breaks

Question 30

UV light radiation

Answer 30

cross links dna bases, LOF and GOF in oncognes