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Chemistry > Module 4 - Keywords > Flashcards

Module 4 - Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

IUPAC nomenclature

A

international naming rules

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2
Q

organic compounds

A

carbon based compounds

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3
Q

general formula

A

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series e.g. for an alkane: CnH(2n+1)

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4
Q

structural formula

A

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

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5
Q

displayed formula

A

the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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6
Q

skeletal formula

A

the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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7
Q

homologous series

A

the series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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8
Q

functional group

A

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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9
Q

alkyl group

A

has the general formula CnH2n+1

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10
Q

aliphatic

A

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic chains

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11
Q

alicyclic

A

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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12
Q

aromatic

A

a compound containing a benzene ring

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13
Q

saturated

A

an organic compound containing single carbon-carbon bonds only

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14
Q

unsaturated

A

an organic compound containing multiple carbon-carbon bonds, including C=C, CΞC and/or aromatic rings

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15
Q

structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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16
Q

homolytic fission

A

bond breaking where each bonding atom receive one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

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17
Q

heterolytic fission

A

bond breaking where one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair forming a positive and negative ion

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18
Q

radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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19
Q

reaction mechanism

A

diagrams used to show clearly the movement of electron pairs with ‘curly arrows’ and relevant dipoles

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20
Q

σ - bonds

A

(sigma bonds) overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

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21
Q

complete combustion

A

a burning reaction where there is sufficient oxygen to oxidise the reagents completely

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22
Q

incomplete combustion

A

a burning reaction where there is insufficient oxygen to oxidise the reagents completely. The carbon/carbon dioxide formed

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23
Q

radical substitution

A

a reaction mechanism involving homolytic fission to produce radicals (initiation) followed propagation and termination

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24
Q

substitution

A

replacing on atom or group of atoms with another

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25
Q

π - bond

A

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

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26
Q

stereoisomers

A

compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space

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27
Q

E/Z isomers

A

stereoisomers which have two different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group - CIP rules are used to prioritise groups

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28
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

stereoisomers which have two different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group and the same group attached to each carbon atom

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29
Q

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules

A

the rules used to identify the priorities in E and Z stereoisomers

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30
Q

Dihaloalkanes

A

a compound in which two of the H of an alkane have been replaced by halogens

31
Q

Bromine water

A

bromine solution. Used to test for unsaturation (decolourised in unsaturated hydrocarbons)

32
Q

Decolourised

A

the depth of colour is partially or completely removed

33
Q

electophile

A

an electron pair acceptor

34
Q

Markownikoff’s rule

A

predicts the most likely product of HX substitution reactions with unsymmetrical alkenes (He Who Has Hydrogen Gets Hydrogen)

35
Q

Haloalkane

A

a compound in which one of the hydrogens of an alkane have been replaced by a halogen

36
Q

carbocation

A

an organic cation

37
Q

intermediate

A

a species which is produced in one step of a multistep reaction and then used up

38
Q

polymerisation

A

monomers react together to make polymers

39
Q

polymer

A

a long chain molecule with repeating units

40
Q

addition polymer

A

polymer formed when unsaturated carbon molecules join to form polymers. These have 100% atom economy

41
Q

sustainable

A

meeting the needs of today without impeding the needs of future generations

42
Q

organic feedstock

A

an organic chemical that can be used as a raw material in the production of other materials

43
Q

biodegradable

A

broken down by bacteria in the environment to produce non-harmful waste products

44
Q

photodegradable

A

broken down by light in the environment to produce non-harmful waste products

45
Q

fraction

A

a group of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points. They have similar properties so they have similar uses

46
Q

fractional distillation

A

a method that uses differences in boiling points to separate crude oil into fractions

47
Q

Describe the reactivity of alkanes.

A
  • have a low reactivity w many reagents due to high bond enthalpy
  • low porality of the σ - bonds present
  • hence are insoluble in polar solvents (e.g. water) + form 2 layers
  • C-H bond enthalpy: +415.5kJmol-1
48
Q

What is the bond angle in alkanes?

A

109.5⁰

49
Q

Describe the bonding in an alkane.

A

-saturated hydrocarbons containing single C-C bonds + C-H bonds as σ - bonds (single bonds) are free to move

50
Q

Describe the trends in boiling points of hydrocarbons.

A
  • as relative molecular mass increases
  • longer chain length therefore
  • more electrons present
  • more points of surface contact
  • more London forces
  • more energy needed to break them so higher boiling point
51
Q

Describe the effect on branching on the boiling point of hydrocarbons.

A
  • fewer points of contact when branching
  • fewer London forces between molecules
  • reduced packing = fewer intermolecular (London) forces = lower boiling point
52
Q

What causes a radical to form?

A

breaking a covalent bond

53
Q

What are the stages of radical substitution? Describe them.

A
  • initiation: homolytic fission of halogen molecule to form 2 radicals
  • propagation: RADICALS ATTACK!, very rapid chain reaction which continues until no reactants remain
  • termination: 2 free radicals combine to form a molecule
54
Q

What is the equation for the iodination of ethane?

A

-initiation: I-I –> I• + I•
-propagation: C2H6 + I• –> HI +•C2H5
•C2H5 + I2 –> C2H5I + I•
-termination: I• + I• –> I2
I• + •C2H5 –> C2H5I
•C2H5I + •C2H5I –> C4H10

55
Q

What conditions are necessary for radical substitution?

A

UV light

56
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A

single bond, shared pair of 2 electrons, overlap of the s orbital

57
Q

What is a pi bond?

A

sideways overlap of the p orbitals

58
Q

What is a double bond made up of?

A

a sigma bond + a pi bond

59
Q

Do pi bonds or sigma bonds have a higher bond enthalpy?

A

sigma

60
Q

What is the bond angle and shape around the double bond of an alkene?

A

120⁰, trigonal planar shape, 3 regions of electron density around carbon repel equally, all atoms in the same place, hence trigonal planar shape

61
Q

Describe the reactivity of alkenes.

A
  • alkenes react easily as they have a C=C bond

- insoluble in polar substances (e.g. water) + form 2 layers

62
Q

Describe the trends in boiling points of alkenes.

A
  • BP increases with increasing chain length but BP of alkenes is lower than that of corresponding alkenes
  • molecules can’t pack together as efficiently as in alkanes so there’s fewer intermolecular forces
63
Q

What are the types of addition reactions that alkenes can take part in?

A

(2 molecules react to form 1 molecule, an unsaturated alkene becomes a saturated product)

  • hydration
  • hydrogenation
  • halogenation
64
Q

What are the conditions needed for hydrogenation?

A
  • 150⁰C

- nickel catalyst

65
Q

Describe the hydrogenation of ethene.

A

ethene + hydrogen –> ethane

66
Q

Describe the halogenation of ethene and chlorine.

A

ethene + chlorine –> 1,2-dichloroethane

67
Q

What are the conditions needed for hydration?

A
  • H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) catalyst

- water as a gas

68
Q

Describe the hydration of ethene.

A

ethene + water –> ethanol

69
Q

How does hydrogenation affect a fat/oil (lipid)?

A

makes it more solid (less unsaturated..?)

70
Q

Why is phosphoric acid used over other acids such as hydrochloric acid as a catalyst in hydration?

A

has more H+ ions

71
Q

What is a mechanism?

A

a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in an atom

72
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge

73
Q

How do you show the movement of electrons in electrophilic addition?

A

curly arrows

74
Q

Explain Markovinokov’s rule.

A
  • He Who Has Hydrogen Gets Hydrogen
  • when a compound HX is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen becomes attached to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms attached to it
  • happens this way around as intermediate carbocation formed is secondary + is more stable as it has 2 inductive effects
  • primary carbocation made if carbon attached to centre of carbon atom + the halogen to the end one is less stable as it only has 1 inductive effect

Chemistry (13 decks)

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