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geology > MODULE 4: HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: STREAMS, FLOODS, GROUNDWATER, GLACIERS & ICE SHEETS > Flashcards

MODULE 4: HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: STREAMS, FLOODS, GROUNDWATER, GLACIERS & ICE SHEETS Flashcards

1
Q

streams

A

bodies of water that flow downslope along clearly defined channels

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2
Q

continental divide

A

a topographic high point that separates adjacent drainage basins

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3
Q

st. lawrence seaway

A

continental divide that runs thru ohio

water goes to either lake erie or ohio river

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4
Q

watershed/drainage basin

A

the total are from which water flows into a stream

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5
Q

colorado river drainage basin

A

drains into gulf of california

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6
Q

ohio river basin

A

maumee river drainage basin

fort wayne to defiance to perrysburg to lake erie

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7
Q

stream gradient

A

steepness of a channel
(high gradient=steep, mountains)
(low=flat)

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8
Q

stream discharge

A

volume of water passing by a single point in the stream at any given time

area = depth x width

discharge = area x velocity

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9
Q

sediment load

A

the suspended and dissolved sediment carried by a stream

the faster the stream, the more sediment load it can carry

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10
Q

combined

A

if gradient increases along a channel - velocity of a stream increases - greater sediment load can be carried

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11
Q

alluvial fan

A

typically formed at the base of mountains where stream gradients abruptly decrease and sediment load can settle out

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12
Q

delta

similar to alluvial fans

A

occur when a stream empties into a standing body of water (lake, ocean)

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13
Q

straight streams

A

usually occur over short differences, particularly in upstream, high gradient areas and have the classic V-shaped valley

yellowstone river

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14
Q

meandering streams

meanders back and forth

A

usually develop where stream gradient is low in downstream areas where stream is emptying into another surface water body

missouri river

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15
Q

cut bank

outer edges of the bend - fastest along the cut banks

A

erosion concentrate along the outer sides of the meandering stream channel

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16
Q

point bar

flows slower, depositional side

A

where sediment is deposited

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17
Q

oxbow lake

A

abandoned meadner of a stream, was a curve on the meander, was cutoff after a flooding event

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18
Q

braided streams

common in glacial environments due to variable sediment load

A

arise when a stream’s ability to move it’s sediment load varies over time, usually occur in low gradient areas with a large and variable sediment load

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19
Q

floods

A

event in which a body of water overflows its banks - all water bodies undergo changes in water volume

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20
Q

stream stage

A

measures the water level or height of water

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21
Q

stream speed

A

velocity - from which stream discharge can be calc’d

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22
Q

recurrence interval (t)

n=number of years of stream discharge data

A

(n+1)/m

m=rank of discharge events

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23
Q

97.5% salt water

salt water ocean basins

A

2.5% freshwater

2% in glaciers

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24
Q

infiltration (percolation)

A

how water seeps through the ground

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25
Q

Zone of aeration (vadose/unsaturated zone)

A

pore spaces mostly filled with air

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26
Q

zone of saturation (phreatic zone)

A

pore spaces filled with water

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27
Q

water table

A

where the zones meet

mimics surface landscape

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28
Q

porosity

A

open/void space btwn mineral grains in sediment/rocks (measure as a percentage of void space)

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29
Q

permeability

A

ability of water to flow through pore spaces (measured as a speed or rate cm/s)

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30
Q

high porosity and high permeability

A

good spot for a well

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31
Q

igneous rock

A

low pore low perm

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32
Q

clay-rich

A

high pore low perm

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33
Q

quartz sandstone

A

high pore high perm

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34
Q

glacial till

A

low pore low perm

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35
Q

limestone

A

highly dissolvable rock - tend to be noth porous and permeable

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36
Q

aquifer

A

layer of rock or sediment that is
1. water saturated
2. porous
3. permeable

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37
Q

aquiclude/aquitard

unconfined does not have this, but are easily contaminated

A

a confining layer of impermeable rock or sediment

confined has this

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38
Q

spring

A

where water table meets land surface

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39
Q

recharge

A

replenishment of groundwater

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40
Q

hotspring

A

produced by emergence of geothermally heated groundwater

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41
Q

geyser

A

a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapor phase (steam)

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42
Q

artesian well

A

a well drilled into a confined aquifer which causes the water level in a well to rise to a point where hydrostatic equilibrium has been reached

43
Q

cryosphere

A

the perennially frozen part of the hydrosphere

44
Q

glaciers and ice sheets

A

semi-permanent frozen body of ice that moves under the pull of gravity

45
Q

glaciers are like a checking account and build up

A

accumulation vs loss

46
Q

ablation

loss

A

melting

47
Q

polar glaciers

A

the base is below the melting point, stuck, mostly flow internally

48
Q

sub polar glacier

A

the base is at or near the melting point, basal sliding, surges can occur

49
Q

ice sheet

A

largest type of glacier on earth,
continent-scale mass of ice that covers all or nearly all land mass within its margins

greenland, antarctic

50
Q

ice sheets are so heavy that some of the land underneath has been pushed below sea level

A

isostacy

51
Q

ice shelf

A

thick sheets floating ice hundreds of meters thick that adjoin glaciers on land

ross, austfonna

52
Q

sea ice

A

never touches land at all, but forms by the direct freezing of seawater

53
Q

albedo effect

surfave w/o snow or ice absorbs more heat

A

the amount of solar energy that gets reflected off of the Earth and back into space

surface w/ snow and ice reflects more heat

54
Q

ice cap

A

covers a mountaintop of low-lying land in polar regions

55
Q

cirque glaciers

tend to form on the leeward (downwind or wind-protected) side of a mountain

A

tend to form on side of a mountain with least amount of radiation (sunlight-protected side of mountain)

56
Q

valley glaciers

A

as cirque glaciers grow, they spill out and converge to form valley glaciers

57
Q

piedmont glaciers

A

valley glaciers that spill oit onto flat land

58
Q

fjord glaciers

A

valley glaciers that extend down into the sea

holgate

59
Q

cirque

A

bowl-shaped depression in a mountain top where a cirque glacier once eroded

60
Q

zone of plucking

A

erosion

61
Q

terminal moraine

A

deposition

62
Q

tarn

A

a lake that forms when glacier melts

63
Q

ice can carve out large depressions that fill with meltwater

A

great lakes

64
Q

u shaped valley

A

eroded by valley glaciers, when glacial ice flows down-valley from high alpine areas

65
Q

arete

A

a sharp-crested ridge formed when two adjacent cirques into a mountainside

66
Q

horn

A

cirque glaciers erode more than one side

67
Q

roche moutonnee

wolfe center

A

a hump-backed glacial-erosional feature

68
Q

glacial grooves

A

erosional linear gouges cut into bedrock by a debris-filled glacier - indicate ice-flow direction

69
Q

glacial striations

A

erosional scratches cut into bedrock by a debris-filled glacier - indicate ice-flow direction

70
Q

glacial polish

A

a glossy sheen imparted to bedrock that was recently scoured by sediment-rich meltwater power-washing the underlying bedrock

70
Q

Jökulhaup

A

a glacier outburst flood

71
Q

nunatuks

A

little bits of mountain peaking out from the ice caps

72
Q

fluvial

A

v-shaped valley

73
Q

glacial

A

u-shaped valley

74
Q

fjords

A

steeply sided valleys that enter the sea

75
Q

till (ground moraine)

A

a poorly-sorted mixture of crushed sediments deposited by a glacier

76
Q

glacial erratics

A

boulders with lithologies different from the underlying rock

77
Q

moraine ridge

A

a ridge of poorly-sorted debris that has been transported by a glacier

78
Q

terminal moraine

A

a moraine ridge at the terminus of a glacier

perpendicular to ice flow direction

79
Q

drumlin

A

a teardrop-shaped glacial deposit, typically made of poorly-sorted, clay-rich till

point at direction of ice flow, away from glacier

80
Q

esker

A

long ridges of sand and gravel laid down in the beds of streams running beneath glaciers

81
Q

kame

A

a cone-shaped hill made of well-sorted sands and gravels

82
Q

kettle ponds

A

produced by a stranded block of ice that eventually melts producing a meltwater-filled depression in the landscape

83
Q

pleistocene epoch

ice age earth

A

penultimate geological time interval 2.6 mya - 11,700 ya

84
Q

glacial deposits

A
  • till (ground moraine)
  • glacial erratics
  • moraines (terminal, recessional, lateral, medial)
  • kames and eskers
  • drumlin (fields)
  • kettle ponds
85
Q

glacial erosional features

A
  • cirque
  • u-shaped valleys
  • arete
  • fjord
  • horn
  • roche moutonne
  • glacial grooves
  • glacial striations
  • glacial polish
86
Q

meltwater means

A

well-sorted

87
Q

proglacial

A

in front of the glacier

88
Q

ice damed proglacial meltwater lake

A

lake maumee

89
Q

15-18

A

melt water lake maumee

90
Q

pluvial lakes

A

landlocked basins which filled with rainwater

90
Q

great black swamp

A
91
Q

drain the swamp

A

started from draining the gbs

92
Q

potholes coulee

A

erosional scouring from the ice-dam rupture flooding

93
Q

four pulses of ice ages

A

wisconsinan (20,000 yago)
illanoian (300,000-130,000 yago)
kansan (2.5 mya -500,000 yago)
nebraskan (2.5 mya)

94
Q

marine records - sediment cores from oceans

A

ice-rafted debris
marine organisms
isotopes

95
Q

marine sediment record is often more complete than terrestrial

A

less chance of erosion

96
Q

ice rafted debris layers

A

indirect records of past glaciations and are correlated to land records of glactiations

97
Q

foraminifera

A

shells made of calcite, certain like cold envrios and some like warm enviros, get stuck in ocean floor

98
Q

during glacial periods

global signal

A

ocean gets isotopically heavier

o18 to o16 increases

99
Q

co2 and ch4 were lowest during times of glaciation

A

and highest during interglacial warm periods

100
Q

bering land bridge

A

migratory pathway for animals and people - result of lower sea level

101
Q

eustatic sea level

A

“bathtub approach”

102
Q
A

geology (4 decks)

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