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geology > MODULE 2: ROCK CYCLE CONT'D: SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC, GEOLOGIC TIME > Flashcards

MODULE 2: ROCK CYCLE CONT'D: SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC, GEOLOGIC TIME Flashcards

1
Q

Weathering

A

breaking down or alteration

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2
Q

Erosion

A

removal, initial transport

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3
Q

Weathering rates depend on… (3)

A

composition, chemistry, and climate

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4
Q

Differential Weathering

A

different rocks weather at different rates

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5
Q

Composition of Parent Material

A

minerals present in rock
textures and structures of rock

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6
Q

What mineral is least prone to weathering?

A

Quartz, because it is most stable at Earth’s surface

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7
Q

What is an alternate way to form a mountain? (Not tectonic)

A

differential weathering, the strongest mineral is left behind as others are weathered away

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8
Q

Monadnock

A

an isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain

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9
Q

(T/F) Distribution of joints influence how fast a rock mass weathers

A

True

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10
Q

Joints

A

a fracture of rock, along which no appreciable movement has occurred

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11
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

the breakdown of rock into solid fragments by physical processes (chemistry of rock is not changed)

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12
Q

Chemical Weathering

A
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13
Q

Pressure Release (Sheet Jointing)

A

a mechanical weathering process where large curved sheets/slabs of rock peel off from the surface of an intrusive igneous rock

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14
Q

Crystal Growth (Frost Wedging)

A

when water crystalized (freezes), it expands, prying rocks apart

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15
Q

Where is frost wedging the dominant weathering process?

A

Cold climates
high latitudes and high altitudes

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16
Q

Haloclasty

A

salt crystal growth - produces honeycomb pattern

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17
Q

Abrasion

A

mechanical scraping caused by friction between rocks and moving particles

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18
Q

Ventifact

A

sandblasting

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19
Q

Thermal Stress

A

expansion and contraction of a rock due to temperature changes

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20
Q

Root Wedging

A

winds may cause tree to sway, and widen the crack, wedging apart the bedrock

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21
Q

Ion-exchange/Hydrolysis

A

exchange of Hydrogen ions for other cations

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22
Q

Oxidation

A

reaction between Oxygen(O2-) and cation-rich minerals such as Iron(Fe2+) and Magnesium(Mg2+)

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23
Q

Dissolution

A

process by which minerals are dissolved, separation of materials into ions in solution by a solvent (water or acid)

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24
Q

Climate

A

moisture (annual average rainfall)
temperature (annual average)

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25
Q

Modes of Transportation (2)

A

dissolved ions
clasts (solid particles)

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26
Q

Media of Transportation (4)

A

wind, waters, glacier, gravity

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27
Q

Deposition

A

laying of sediment:
terrestrial and marine

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28
Q

Lithification

A

turning sediment in to rock

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29
Q

Mechanical weathering is stronger in (cold and dry/hot and wet) climates.

A

cold and dry

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30
Q

Chemical weathering is stronger in (cold and dry/hot and wet) climates.

A

hot and wet

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31
Q

99.9% of all fossils are in what type of rocks?

A

Sedimentary

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32
Q

Three “C”s of Lithification

A
  1. Compaction
  2. Cementation
  3. reCrystallization
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33
Q

Terrestrial environment

A

above sea level

includes lakes, rivers etc. yes water but above sea level

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34
Q

Marine environment

A

at or below sea level

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35
Q

What water depository environments are transitional?

A

beaches and deltas

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36
Q

Compaction

A

squeezing

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37
Q

Cementation

A

gluing

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38
Q

reCrystallization (sedimentary)

A

CaCO3 in marine shells at Earth’s surface is called Aragonite
as temp and pressure gets more intense, structure shifts to Calcite

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39
Q

Clastic

A

accumulation of particles from preexisting rocks

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40
Q

Boulder, cobble or pebble-sized particles become…

>2mm

A

Conglomerate (rounded clasts)
Breccia (angular clasts)

breh-ch-ah

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41
Q

Sand-sized particles become…

0.0625mm-2mm

A

sandstone

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42
Q

Silt-sized particles become…

0.004mm-0.0625mm

A

siltstone (little grit)

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43
Q

Clay-sized particles become…

0.001mm-0.004mm

A

claystone/mudstone or shale (like flour)

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44
Q

Protolith

A

parent rock

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45
Q

(T/F) Large clasts stay close to their protolith.

A

true

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46
Q

(T/F) Small clasts stay close to their protolith

A

False, small clasts can travel farther away from protolith

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47
Q

Three “S” of sedimentary shapes

A

Sphericity
Smoothness
Sorting

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48
Q

Sheet jointing occurs in what rock type?

A

granite

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49
Q

Which gravestone weathers faster?
Marble/Granite

A

marble

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49
Q

Coral reefs require three general conditions to survive.

A
  1. relatively shallow water
  2. clear, debris-free water
  3. warm, subtropical water temperatures
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50
Q

What is the bedrock underneath BGSU?

A

silurian limestone (dolostone)
Lockport Dolomite

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51
Q

What is the secret ingredient that changes Clay/Mudstones to Shales?

A

dead marine algae/plankton
ORGANIC MATTER

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52
Q

Is shale a clastic or biogenic sedimentary rock?

A

Clastic

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53
Q

What is shale made up of?

A

quatrz, feldspars, and ORGANIC MATTER

54
Q

Fissile

A

platy and crumbly

55
Q

Ohio shale has…

A

carbonate concretions

56
Q

Shale fire

A

natural weathering of pyrite releases heat/sparks that can ignite pertroleum in the shale

57
Q

Transgression

A

sea levels rising

58
Q

Regression

A

sea levels falling

59
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

A

inorganic precipitation of minerals dissolved in waters (Evaporites: salts/chlorides and sulfates)

60
Q

Evaporites

A

formed withing a evaporating salty lake or sea from dissolved chemicals within the water

61
Q

Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks

A

accumulated remains of organisms (e.g. shells, bones, teeth, wood, roots, leaves)

62
Q

Foraminifera

Makes Limestone

A

biogenic sediment, marine microorganisms with calcite shells

63
Q

Limestone

A

made from calcite shells of aquatic organisms

64
Q

Coccolithospores

Make Chalk

A

microscopic Calcite-walled algae (phytoplankton)

65
Q

Chert/Flint

A

made of algae, made of microcrystalline Silica

66
Q

Diatoms

A

microscopic silica-walled algae (phytoplankton)

67
Q

Coal

A

combustable, made of decomposed, compressed plants

68
Q

(T/F) More Carbon caused coal to burn out faster.

A

False, more carbon caused longer burn lengths

69
Q

Metamorphism

A

when solid rock changes (w/o melting) in composition &/or texture due to changes in temp, pressure, &/or fluids

70
Q

What is another name for metamorphic source rocks?

A

parent rocks/protoliths

71
Q

What is the region of diagenesis?

A

where sediments turn into sedimentary rocks

72
Q

The Metamorphism of Shale…

A

Shale–>Slate–>Phyllite–>Schist (Mica Rich) OR Gneiss (Mica Poor)

73
Q

Garnet

A

aluminosilicate mineral that grows during high-grade metamorphism

74
Q

What different protoliths can Gneiss come from?

A

Sedimentary - Shale
Igneous - Granite/Diorite

75
Q

Foliation

A

banded, platey, linear

only occurs when mica is present

76
Q

Migmatites

A

gneiss brought to the surface after being right at the brink of melting

77
Q

Sheet silicates align (perpenticular/parallel) to applied pressure.

A

perpendicular

78
Q

4 Different Regions of Metamorphism

A
  1. burial metamorphism
  2. subduction-zone metamorphism
  3. regional metamorphism
  4. contact metamorphism
79
Q

Facies

A

group of minerals resulting from different metamorphic pressure and temperature conditions

80
Q

Burial metamorphism

A

when temperatures and pressures are low

zeolite

81
Q

Subduction-Zone metamorphism

A

specific region of low temperatures and high pressures

blueshisct facies and eclogite facies

82
Q

Regional Metamorphism

A

two plates colliding at a convergent boundary (no subduction)
proportional/equal incr in temp and incr in pressure

greenschist, amphibole, granulite facies

83
Q

Contact Metamorphism

A

a specific region of high temperatures and low pressures

hornfels facies

84
Q

Impact Metamorphism

A

occurs where greatest temps, pressures, &/or stress exists even for brief time periods

meteorite craters, atomic bomb sites, fault zones, even large fires

85
Q

Shocked Quartz

A

high pressure deformation found only at impact craters and atomic bomb blast sites

86
Q

6 Principles of Stratigraphy

A
  1. Original Horizontality
  2. Superposition
  3. Lateral Continuity
  4. Cross-Cutting Relationships
  5. Inclusions
  6. Fossil Succession
87
Q

Principle of Original Horizontality

A

sediments are initially deposited horizontally

88
Q

Stress

a force

A

the force acting on a surface may be greater in certain directions than in others

89
Q

Strain

a deformation

A

change in shape or volume of a rock in response to stress

90
Q

Pressure

A

uniform stress in all directions

91
Q

3 Different Stresses

A
  1. tensional <– O –>
  2. compressional –> O <–
  3. shear (above) <– O –> (below)
92
Q

Deformation can be… (2)

A

temporary or permanent

93
Q

Brittle deformation

A

cold, breaking

94
Q

Ductile deformation

A

warm, bending

95
Q

Anticline (/)

A

limbs of fold inclined AWAY from one another, older rocks in the core

96
Q

Syncline (\/)

A

limbs of fold inclined TOWARD one another, youngest rock in the core

97
Q

Hinge Lines

A

peaks and troughs of the “clines”

98
Q

Attitude

A

linear symbols depicting rock strata orientation

99
Q

Strata

A

rock layer/unit

100
Q

Contact

A

lines separating different rock strata

101
Q

Strike

A

long line parallel to the contacts between rock units

102
Q

Dip

A

short line pointing toward the direction the strata are inclined

103
Q

Anticlines make (good/poor) structural petroleum traps.

A

Good

104
Q

Plunging

A

Third Dimension tilt (look like V)

105
Q

Recumbent Folds

A

has an essentially horiszontal axial plane, when the 2 limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other

106
Q

Priciple of Superposition

A

younger layers are deposited on top

107
Q

Thrust Fault

A

reverse fault where old stuff is thrust up and over the young stuff (much softer angle)

108
Q

Princile of Lateral Continuity

A

sediment is deposited in continuous layers - a layer of sediment will extend horizontally as far as it was carried by water that deposited it

109
Q

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

A

rocks that are disrupted are oldre than the cause of disruption (igneous intrusions & faults)

110
Q

Faults

A

brittle deformation (strain) of rock strata (due to stress) where there has been displacement along a fracture

111
Q

Fault Scarp

A

rock exposed by fault

112
Q

Hanging Wall

A

l/ - moving wall

113
Q

Foot Wall

A

/l - anchor wall

114
Q

Normal Fault

A

hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall as a result of tensional stress

115
Q

Reverse Fault

A

hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall as a result of compressional stress

116
Q

Strike-Slip (Transform) Fault

A

fault caused by shear stress

San Andreas

117
Q

Principle of Inclusions

A

a chunk of rock in another rock.
the chunk is older

118
Q

Principle of Fossil Succession

A

fossils can be used to date rocks9

119
Q

Unconformity

A

a break or gap in rock record caused by either nondeposition or erosion

120
Q

3 Types of Unconformities

A
  1. Angular
  2. Nonconformity
  3. Disconformity
121
Q

Angular Unconformity

A

parallel sedimentary rock are deposited on top of tilted and layers that have been eroded

122
Q

Nonconformity

A

sedimentary rock on top of an igneous or metamorphic surface that has been eroded

123
Q

Disconformity

A

sedimentary strata that are parallel, but with an irregular surface that has been eroded between them

124
Q

Radioactivity

aka Radioactive or Nuclear Decay

A

procces in which an atom spontaneously releases energy and matterfrom its nucleus at a constant rate or half life

125
Q

Radioactive decay

A

UNSTABLE parent isotope changes or decays into a STABLE daughter isotope

126
Q

Radiocarbon (C14) Dating

A

a method used to determine the age of Carbon-containing materials

127
Q

Animal aquire Carbon through photosynthesis. (T/F)

A

FALSE
Plants aquire carbon thru photo synthesis
Animals aquire carbon thru eating plants

128
Q

Half life

A

the length of time required for 50% of the parent isotopeto decay into the daughter isotope.
Fixed rate of decay

half life of C14 = 5730 years

129
Q

How far back can C14 date something?

A

50-60,000 years ago (8-10 half lives)

130
Q

Decay chain

A

a series of several radioactive decays which eventually leads to a stable isotope

131
Q

Electron capture

A

a proton in the nucleus captures an electron from one of the electron shells and becomes a neutron

132
Q

Beta decay

A

a neutron breaks into a proton and electron

133
Q

K40-Ar40 decay

A

absolute age dating method used on igneous rocks older than 100,000 years old

geology (4 decks)

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