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geology > MODULE 1: INTRO EARTH CONCEPTS, MINERALS, BEGIN ROCK CYCLE: IGNEOUS > Flashcards

MODULE 1: INTRO EARTH CONCEPTS, MINERALS, BEGIN ROCK CYCLE: IGNEOUS Flashcards

1
Q

A hypothesis has (more/less) certainty than a theory

A

Less

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2
Q

(T/F) Just south of the glacial boundary, in southeastern Ohio, is the only location in the state where dinosaur fossils have been thus far been found.

A

False

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3
Q

The surface bedrock directly beneath soil cover at BGSU is ____________ in age.

A

Silurian

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4
Q

The Blackhand sandstone is exposed in Hocking Hills State Park and is _______________ in age.

A

Mississippian

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5
Q

The current scientific estimate for the age of the Earth is

A

4.56 billion years old

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6
Q

During the northern hemisphere summer solstice (June 21) at what latitude are the sun’s rays directly overhead (at a 90 degree angle to the Earth’s surface) casting no shadow off of any object?

A

Aswan, Egypt. 23.5 degrees North

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7
Q

Shifting wind and water currents deposit sediments (e.g., silts and sands) and produce a unique structure called ______________.

A

Cross bedding

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8
Q

Earth’s Eons

A

Hadeon
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic

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9
Q

What is the proper sequencing order of geologic time periods (from oldest to youngest)?

A

Pre-Cambrian
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Quaternary

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10
Q

Eras of Phanerozoic Eon

A

Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

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11
Q

Periods of Paleozoic Era

A

Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Permian

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12
Q

Periods of Mesozoic Era

A

Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous

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13
Q

Periods of Cenozoic Era

A

Tertiary
Quaternary

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14
Q

The oldest rock, native to Earth, ever radiometrically dated is from the ___________ eon.

A

Hadeon

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15
Q

What happens when two tectonic plates tear apart from one another which geologic phenomena occur?

A

Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Oceans form/open
Continents drift apart

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16
Q

How to tell difference between Halite and Quartz?

A

Lick it

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17
Q

3 Requirements of Crystals

A

1) solid
2) specific chemical formula
3) orderly arrangements of atoms

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18
Q

Halite chemical formula

A

NaCl

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19
Q

Quartz chemical formula

A

SiO2

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20
Q

Gypsum chemical formula

A

CaSO4 2H20

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21
Q

A mineral is… (3)

A

1) a crystal
2) naturally occurring
3) inorganic

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22
Q

Organic

A

made by living organism and comprised of hydrocarbons

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23
Q

A rock is…

A

one or more minerals

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24
Q

Exceptions to the crystal/mineral/rock rules (2)

A

Coal - sedimentary rock (not inorganic)
Obsidian - volcanic glass (no orderly arrangement)

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25
Q

Calcite chemical formula

A

CaCO3

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26
Q

What is the primary mineral in the rock limestone?

A

Calcite

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27
Q

Elements

A

the most basic substance into which matter can be chemically separated

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28
Q

Diamond, Graphite, and Coal are all made primarily of what element?

A

Carbon

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29
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

Transfer of an electron

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30
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

Sharing electron pairs

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31
Q

Two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust

A

Oxygen (45.2%)
Silicon (27.2%)

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32
Q

Silicate minerals

A

contains silica and oxygen. 75% of all minerals

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33
Q

Pyrite chemical formula

A

FeS2

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34
Q

Elemental gold vs Fool’s gold

A

Pyrite will make dark scratches on ceramic

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35
Q

Tools for Identifying Minerals

A

Color
Streak
Crystal form
Habit
Hardness
Luster
Cleavage
Fracture
Specific gravity

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36
Q

Color

A

Mainly determined by a mineral’s composition

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37
Q

Streak

A

“powder color” of a mineral - more consistent characteristic than color

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38
Q

Crystal form

A

flat crystal surfaces that form during the growth of minerals

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39
Q

What crystal form does Quartz have?

A

Hexagonal

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40
Q

What crystal form does Halite have?

A

Cubic

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41
Q

Habit

A

the distinctive shape of a particular mineral

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42
Q

Asbestos

A

a silicate material with a fibrous crystal habit

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43
Q

Hardness

A

a mineral’s resistance to scratching

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44
Q

Luster

A

the quality and intensity of light reflection

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45
Q

The contents of the crust are…

A

Silica-rich

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46
Q

The contents of the mantle are…

A

Silica-poor

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47
Q

The contents of the outer core are…

A

Liquid metallic

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48
Q

The contents of the inner core are…

A

Solid metallic

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49
Q

Crystal Form vs Habit

A

Form can be categorized by geometric shape
Habit is categorized by descriptive terms like fibrous, silky

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50
Q

Density equation

A

mass/volume

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51
Q

The strongest seismic discontinuity (the speed of seismic waves changes) occurs at the…

A

mantle-outer core boundary

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52
Q

Common lusters (4)

A

Metallic
Vitreous/Glassy
Resinous
Pearly

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53
Q

Cleavage

A

the manner in which a mineral breaks along planes of weakness (predictable)

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54
Q

Fracture

A

describes way that brittle materials break when they don’t follow any natural planes of separation

55
Q

Conchoidal fracture

A

resembles the rippling curves of a mussel shell

56
Q

Non-Conchoidal fracture

A

have no directional cleavage planes or swirls in the structure

57
Q

Specific Gravity

A

refers to how dense a material is compared to water

58
Q

Birefringence

A

when you look at an object through a mineral and see a double image

59
Q

Luminescence/Fluorescence

A

they glow when exposed to a UV light

60
Q

Magnetic

A

attracted by a magnet

61
Q

Which group of meteorites is most similar in chemical composition and density to the Earth’s mantle?

A

stony-iron meteorites

62
Q

Which is the least dense interior Earth layer?

A

continental crust

63
Q

The lithosphere and asthenosphere are interior layers of the Earth primarily defined on the basis of their…

A

mechanical strength (strong vs. weak)

64
Q

The Rock Cycle

A

a set of crustal process that form new rock , break it down, transport and.modify it

65
Q

Magma is…

A

molten rock

66
Q

Lava is…

A

magma that reaches the Earth’s surface

67
Q

The silica tetrahedron (complex anion)
satisfies its overall negative (-4) charge
by doing one of two things:

A

1) bonding with other cations (eg: Ca2+ , Na+, K+, etc.)
2) bonding with other silica tetrahedrons to form pairs, chains, sheets, or frameworks

68
Q

Chemical formula for Olivine

A

(Mg, Fe)2 SiO4

69
Q

High end of temps on Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

1250-1400 degrees C

70
Q

Low end of temps on Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

650-700 degrees C

71
Q

Where does magma form?

A

The Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary

72
Q

Pyroxene mineral group

A

single-chain silicate

73
Q

Augite is a type of…

A

pyroxene

74
Q

Amphibole mineral group

A

double-chain silicate

75
Q

Hornblende is a type of…

A

double-chain silicate

76
Q

What has more silica? (Augite/Hornblende)

A

Hornblende

77
Q

Mica mineral group

A

sheet silicates

78
Q

The color of biotite mica is…

A

black

79
Q

The color of muscavite mica is…

A

white

80
Q

Do framework silicates have cleavage or fracture?

A

Fracture (Non-conchoidal)

81
Q

Feldspar mineral group

A

framework aluminosilicates

82
Q

Olivine and Obsidian are both what?

A

felsic color rule breakers

83
Q

Felsic magma has (high/low) silica content.

A

high

84
Q

Mafic magma has (high/low) silica content.

A

low

85
Q

How to form magma: 3 steps

A

raise temp
lower pressure
raise water content (dissolved gasses)

86
Q

Water content (raises/lowers) melting point of rocks.

A

lowers

87
Q

Hawaii and Yellowstone are both…

A

hotspot volcanoes

88
Q

Melting occurs in hot spots because of…

A

increased temperature

89
Q

Melting occurs in spreading centers because of…

A

decreased pressure (decompression melting)

90
Q

Iceland is both a… and a…

A

hot spot and spreading center

91
Q

Melting occurs in subduction zones because of…

A

increased water content (flux melting)

92
Q

Viscosity

A

resistance to flow (thick)

93
Q

Non-explosive volcanoes have mafic magma with (high/low) viscosity.

A

low/runny

94
Q

Explosive volcanoes have felsic magma with (high/low) viscosity.

A

high/thick

95
Q

Viscosity is controlled by… (2)

A

temperature and silica content

96
Q

Pahoehoe is (more/less) viscous than Aa.

A

more

97
Q

What are the names of the microplates subducting on the west side of the North American plate?

A

Juan and Gorda

98
Q

What volcanic mountain range has intermediate magma content?

A

The Cascades

99
Q

What color are minerals made from intermediate magma?

A

grey

100
Q

Two categories of Igneous rock.

A

Extrusive
Intrusive

101
Q

Extrusive (volcanic) Igneous rocks

A

quick cooling, tiny crystals or glassy

102
Q

Intrusive (plutonic) Igneous rock

A

slow cooling, large crystals

103
Q

Batholith

A
104
Q

Dike

A

vertical intrusion of magma

105
Q

Sill

A

horizontal intrusion of magma

106
Q

Laccolith

A

mushroom-shaped intrusion of magma

107
Q

Xenolith

A

surrounding rocks that fell into magma chamber

108
Q

Pluton

A

intrusive magma chamber

109
Q

Aphanitic rocks

A

Fine-grained, formed in extrusive volcanic setting

110
Q

Phaneritic rocks

A

Coarse-grained, formed in intrusive volcanic setting

111
Q

Porphyritic rocks

A

mix of phaneritic and aphanitic, big crystals with fine-grain matrix

112
Q

Scoria

A

oxidized vesicular basalt

113
Q

vesicular

A

bubbly or frothy

114
Q

Pumice

A

explosive, intermediate felsic - floats in water

115
Q

Tuff

A

from igneous ash flow, sharp angular fragments. ash flow picking up rocks along the way

116
Q

Shield volcanoes

A

Hawaiian eruption style, gentle slopes due to fluid, low-silica lava, and few pyroclastics (largest on earth)

117
Q

Fissure volcanoes/Flood basalt

A

mafic, hot, runny, non-explosive lava is pouring out of a fissure layer by layer

118
Q

Columbia River basalts

A

fissure basalt stretching over Washington, Oregon, and Idaho

119
Q

Cindercone (spattercones) volcanoes

A

moderately explosive (Strombolian eruption style), conical, throw lava, ash, and volcanic bombs (stones size of bowling balls), 100s of feet in the air, basaltic to andesitic

120
Q

Stratovolcano

A

MOST EXPLOSIVE!!, Plinian eruption style, steep-sided, concave slopes, (Cascades, Japan, Illusion Islands, Ring of Fire), ash columns 10-20+ km high

120
Q

Resurgent dome

A

magma, gasses reenters chamber, lifts floor of caldera/ceiling of a magma chamber

121
Q

pyroclastic flows

A

fast-moving (>100 mph), hot, dense volcanic ash and gas flow, produce tuff

121
Q

Volcanic Crater

A

funnel-shaped depression from which gas, tephra, and lava are ejected

122
Q

Volcanic Caldera

A

circular steep-walled wash basin formed when magma chamber empties after large eruption & unsupported roof of chamber collapses under its own weight

123
Q

Fumaroles

A

hydrothermal vents - emits steam and gasses (SO2)

124
Q

Mud Pot

A

a sort of acidic hot spring, or fumarole, with
limited water. It usually takes the form of a pool of bubbling mud. The acid and microorganisms decompose surrounding rock into clay and mud.

125
Q

Hot Spring

A

a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth’s crust

126
Q

Geyser

A

a natural spring showing intermittent water and steam discharge, a hydrothermal feature associated with an underground magma chamber heating groundwater

126
Q

Columnar Joints (crack)

A

formed due to stress as the cooling magma or lava contracts inwards

127
Q

Pillow Basalts

A

lava enters water passively as bulbous bodies, quenched, forms glassy skin

128
Q

Volcanic Hazards

A

lava flows, pyroclastic flows, gasses, lahar

129
Q

Lahar

A

volcanic mudflow - can occur after an eruption or even during a quiet time for a volcanoe

130
Q
A

geology (4 decks)

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