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geology > MODULE 3: EARTHQUAKES & PLATE TECTONICS > Flashcards

MODULE 3: EARTHQUAKES & PLATE TECTONICS Flashcards

1
Q

Rock Deformation

A

stress & strain

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2
Q

Stress

a force

A

the force acting on a surface may be greater in certain directions than in others

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3
Q

Strain/Deformation

A

change in volume or shape of rock in response to stress

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4
Q

Pressure

A

uniform stress in all directions

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5
Q

Not all plate boundaries have volcanoes.

A

All plate boundaries have earthquakes.

Earthquakes define plate bourndaries

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6
Q

Transform Fault

A

Strike-Slip Fault

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7
Q

Highest magnitute earthquake ever recorded

A

9.5 in Chile

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8
Q

Every time a fault slips (ruptures) an earthquake occurs

A

Earthquakes are caused by a fault rupturing and asudden release of energy through the Earth’s crust in the form of seismic waves

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9
Q

Province

A

area that has the same type of plate movement

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10
Q

Elastic Rebound Theory

how earthquakes occur

A
  • a fault is locked but continuous & builing tensional stress
  • causes temporary deformation along fault until it reaches it’s breaking point
  • energy releases abruptly and earthquake occurs
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11
Q

potential energy is released in the form of elastic energy

A
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12
Q

Seismic waves

A

first two waves released (P-waves and S-waves) are called body waves

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13
Q

Focus/Hypocenter

A

where the rupture occurs & energy is initially released

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14
Q

Epicenter

A

surface expression of focus

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15
Q

P-waves - Primary wave (comPressional)

A
  • a wave consisting of alternating pulses of compression and expansion
  • rock movement is parallel to wave direction
  • can pass through ANY medium
  • faster (~3-5mi/s)

slinky, accordian

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16
Q

S-Waves - Secondary Waves (Shear)

A
  • rock is subjected to side-to-side or up-and-down forces (perpendicular)
  • not transmitted through liquid
  • slower (~2mi/s)
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17
Q

Surface waves

A

travels parallel to earth’s surface, occurs when body waves hit the surface

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18
Q

Love waves

A

slither like a snake

more destructive than Rayleigh

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19
Q

Rayleigh waves

A

roll like the ocean

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20
Q

Seismograph

A

instrument that detects and measures vibrations (seismic waves

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21
Q

Seismogram

A

the paper record made by a seismograph

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22
Q

Reelfoot Rift

A

failed rift under the MIssissippi river

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23
Q

Highest elevation on earth

8848m, 29035ft, 5.5mi

A

Mount Everest, Himalayas, collision zone, convergent plate boundary

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24
Q

lowest elevation on Earth

11000m , 36080ft, 7mi

A

Marianas Trench, challenger deep, convergent plate boundary

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25
Q

continental shelf edge or break

A

where low-density, thick, felsic continental crust meets dense, thin, mafic ocean crust

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26
Q

geologic edge of a continent

A

continental slope and continental rise

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27
Q

Jacques Piccard and Donald Walsh

A

went down to the Marianas Trench in 1960, in the Trieste

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28
Q

James Cameron

A

solo travel to Marianas Trench

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29
Q

Alfred Wegener

Meterologist, German Polar researcher

A

studied weather patterns on Greenland served in German army WWI

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30
Q

Alfred Wegener

A
  • noticed puzzle-piece like fit of continents
  • proposed a supercontinent once existed Pangaea
  • hypothesized the idea of continental drift
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31
Q

continental drift

A

the slow, lateral movement of continents across the earth

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32
Q

Drifters

A

continents have drifted slowly
over time to their modern positions

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33
Q

Fixists

A

positions of continents and oceans have always looked like they do today

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34
Q

Pangaea

A

Laurasia (north)
Gondwanaland (south)

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35
Q

Gondwanaland

A

Africa, South America, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Antarctica, Australia

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36
Q

Laurasia

A

North America, Eurasia

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37
Q

Continental shelf edges

A

fit puzzle-piece theory even better than land edges

38
Q

matching rock types and rock ages

A

strongly correlated across Gondwanaland continents

39
Q

glacial tillite

A

deposited in late carboniferous,
lithified glacial till

40
Q

glaciers

A

form on land (not in water) from snowfall accumulation and flow outward (like pancake butter)

40
Q

glacial till

A

a poorly-sorted glacial deposit

41
Q

Glossopteris - ancient fern tree, cold loving fern

A

found in permian age rock layers/coal beds across all Gondwanaland continents

not best evidence

42
Q

Mesosaurus

.5 meters, fresh water

A

south africa and south america,
permian age rocks,
couldn’t have swam across salt water ocean

43
Q

Lystrosaurus

A

triassic and permian,
antarctica, india, and africa,
small dog

44
Q

Cynognathus

“dog jaw” heavily built animal

A

early to middle triassic

45
Q

matching modern life

A

madagascar lemurs, match indian lemurs better than african lemurs

46
Q

india and madagascar

A

used to be one land mass

47
Q

tethys sea

A
48
Q

Harry Hess - oceanographer

promoted to Rear Admiral

A
  • naval captain during WWII on U.S.S. Cape Johnson
  • ship had SONAR technology
  • pacific ocean
49
Q

Coral reef ringed volcanic islands

A

above sea level, necklaces of coral

50
Q

Coral atolls

A

ring/encklace of coral reefs set atop an eroded volcano encircling a brackish (rain and ocean water) water lagoon,

51
Q

Sonar

A

echo soundings

52
Q

Iwo Jima

A

coral reef ringed volcanic island

53
Q

Midway Atoll

A

an atoll with an naval landing strip built on it

54
Q

Guyot (tablemount)

A

submerged volcanoes observed using sonar technology,
an isolated, undersea volcano with a flat top

55
Q

seamount –> volcanic island

A

coral atoll –> guyot/tablemount

56
Q

proposed seafloor was moving

A

proposed hot spot, stationary mantle plume

57
Q

Deep-Sea Trenchs

A

where guyots go to die

58
Q

Loihi

A

potential new Hawaiian island

59
Q

Mid-Ocean Ridge (tear that’s opening)

normal fault

A

a continuous submerged mountain ridge that forms in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

has strong depression on top

60
Q

Marie Tharp
Bruce Heezen

Columbia University oceanographers

A

used sonar to map the entire Atlantic Ocean

61
Q

Marie Tharp

queen

A

masters in geology
couldn’t go on ocean expeditions b/c woman=bad luck
notices ocean valleys and earthquakes are related
proved Wegener’s continental drift theory

62
Q

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A

decompression volcano range

63
Q

rifting

A

ripping, tensional, normal fault

64
Q

if new crust is being created at mid ocean ridges, and the Earth isn’t getting any bigger, then by Conservation of Mass…

A

Ocean floor is being destroyed in trenches

plate tectonic model

65
Q

mid ocean ridge

decompression, creating

A

oceanic trench

subduction, destroying

66
Q

tsunamis occur at subduction zones

A

more dense plate drags down a lip of less dense plate until it reaches breaking point and pops back into place

67
Q

Paleomagnestism (1950’s -60’s)

A

the study of Earth’s past magnetic signal preserved in ancient iron breaking rocks preserved in ancient iron-barining rocks (basalt)

68
Q

magnetic pole vs georaphicals poles

A

we have a magnetic field b/c of metals in the heat and metals in the mantle

69
Q

vector

A

magnitude and direction

70
Q

When an iron-rich igneous rock cools.

A
  1. it becomes magnetic
  2. it takes on a magnetic vector for that location and latitude at that point in time
71
Q

Curie temperature

A

580 degrees celcius

72
Q

Apparent polar wander

A

paleomagnetic signal in ancient rocks appears as though the magnetic poles have wandered

73
Q

magnetic north pole is fixed

A

continents are drifting

74
Q

magnetic reversals

A

a period of time inwhich Earth’s magnetic field reverses itself

75
Q

magnetic reversals

A

are completely unpredictable

76
Q

tectonic plates do one of three things

A

spliting apart (rift)
colliding
sliding past one another

77
Q

divergent plate margin

tensional stress, extension, pulling, spreading

A

plates move apart

78
Q

afar triangle

A

triple junction
african, arabian, indian plates

east african rift valley - not plate margin yet

79
Q

failed rift

A

new madrid seismic zone
ancient rift no longer active

80
Q

divergent plate boundry process

A
  1. river valley, linear lakes (thinning)
  2. continued rifting, new ocean floor/ridge (ripping, salt water)
  3. mature ocean basin, well-developed mid-ocean ridge
81
Q

red sea and gulf of aden, gulf of california

A

linear saltwater seas

82
Q

convergent margin

himalayas

A

where plate smush together
* conitnent-continent (no volcanoes)
* ocean-continent
* ocean-ocean

reverse faults, thrust faults

83
Q

himalayas

continental-contintental

A

tibetan plataeu, ganges plain
india and eurasia
high, non-volcanic mountain range

84
Q

cascades, andes

ocean-continent

A

subduction zones

85
Q

convergent plate boundaries

A

have the strongest earthquakes, big land slides

86
Q

ring of fire, western Aleutian islands, Kamchatka, Japan, Marianas islands, Carribean islands

ocean-ocean

A

volcanic island arcs
subduction

87
Q

accreted, exotic terrane

A

wedge of deformed oceanic crust

88
Q

shore closest to trench

A

highest risk of tsunami

89
Q

islands curve towards more dense plate

A

geology (4 decks)

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