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CCTO > Module 4: First Aid > Flashcards

Module 4: First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

First Aid Definition of an Adult

A

8 years and over

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2
Q

First Aid Definition of a Child

A

Over 1, under 8

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3
Q

First Aid Definition of a Infant

A

Under 1

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4
Q

Medic Alert Jewellery Purpose

A

Indicate conditions

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5
Q

Biohazard Protection Kit Purpose

A

Provides for the safe disposal of clinical waste material on board

Provides personal protection equipment for cabin crew when required to deal with medical incidents on board, where there is any likelihood of coming into contact with blood or other body fluids.

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6
Q

What do we look for during PDIs of medical equipment

A

Checking contents
Checking seal
Checking locations

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7
Q

Where do biohazard bags that are filled go?

A

Bin -> sink in the bathroom

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8
Q

How do you dispose of sharp packs

A

Biohazard bag -> bin under in the sink in the bathroom

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9
Q

Should you hold the sharps packs or put it on the table when passenger needs it

A

On the table in case of turbulence and they miss the box

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10
Q

Laerdal mask

A

PPE for CPR

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11
Q

2 types of FAK

A

Type A (white box)
Type B (medaire)

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12
Q

PDI of Type A kit

A

Quantity, stowage, seal intact

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13
Q

Rennie

A

hearburn and acid reflux

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14
Q

Pepcid acid

A

heartburn and acid reflux

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15
Q

Arret

A

Diarrrhoea

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16
Q

Cetrine

A

Antihistamine

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17
Q

Calpol

A

fever / pain relief in children

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18
Q

Domerid

A

upset stomatch, nausea, vomiting

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19
Q

Olbas oil

A

decongestent for nose, ears, sinus

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20
Q

Age for epi-pen junior

A

over 6months, under 10

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21
Q

Purpose of prep kit

A

Assists us if we need to do CPR

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22
Q

PDI of AEDs

A

Quantity, stowage, battery

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23
Q

What must AED always be used with

A

insulating blanket

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24
Q

7 P’s before AED

A

Pediatrics
Patches
Piercings
Pendants
Paemaker
Playtex
Perspiration

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25
Q

2 types of AED

A

FRx FR2

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26
Q

Which AED can be used on kids under 8

A

FRx

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27
Q

PDI of both AEDs

A

stowage, quantity, prep kit attached, battery

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28
Q

What are the 2 outlets of an oxygen bottle

A

hi and lo flow

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29
Q

How do you know if oxygen is flowing form oxygen bottle

A

look for green dial

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30
Q

Do you start oxygen on hi or low flow first

A

hi then lo once signs of recovery

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31
Q

Rate and duration of hi flow vs low flow

A

High flow = 4 litres a minute, 45 mins

Low flow = 2 litres a minute, 90 mins

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32
Q

PDI of oxygen bottle

A

quantity, stowage, gauge reads full, crew mask attached to hi flow outlet, 2 passenger masks in sealed bags, strap attahced, dust cap on low flow outlet

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33
Q

What do you need to check on type B first aid kit but not on type A

A

date

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34
Q

Chlorphenamine

A

allergy

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35
Q

First aid companion kit (FACK) contents

A

Delivery kit, medication, airway management kit

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36
Q

Can CCMs use airway managemnt kit

A

no only medical personnel

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37
Q

What kit do we need to ask for permission from commander to use

A

Emergency medical kit (EMK)

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38
Q

PDI of EMK

A

quantity, stowage, seals closed, in date

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39
Q

Green seal on EMK

A

closed

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40
Q

Red seal on EMK

A

opened

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41
Q

What is the supplementary FAK?

A

carried by SCCM, their responsibility to ensure its filled, contains Panadol, plasters, gloves, domerid (upset tummy), reports

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42
Q

We have both type A and B FAKs on board

A

false - only 1

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43
Q

EMK is on all flights

A

False only A330 transatlantic

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44
Q

What form is to be completed if we take something from first aid kit or provide first aid

A

passenger accident incident report form

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45
Q

Pocket mask

A

Rescue breaths in CPR

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46
Q

Biohazard bags

A

Storage of contaminated items

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47
Q

Procedure for use of first aid kit

A

1) Break seal to access contents
2) Reseal after units (seals provided in kit)
3) Advise Commander
4) Enter details into Captain’s Section of Technical Log
5) Enter relevant first aid reports e.g. entry in the flight report

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48
Q

Can CCM give meds from first aid companion kit

A

yes

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49
Q

Thoracic kit purpoe

A

chest drainage

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50
Q

AED stands for

A

Automated External Defibrillator

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51
Q

WHat does AED look for

A

Ventricular tachycardia = chaotic
Ventricular fibrillation = most frequent initial rhythm in arrest

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52
Q

How many kinds of oxygen bottles does aer lingus carry

A

2 - 1 is lighter to be carried around cabin

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53
Q

Portable Oxygen Unit (POU)

A

Provided when a passenger states well in advance they need to be on constant oxygen

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54
Q

How long does POU last on low vs high flow

A

low = 6.5 hours
high = 3.5 hours

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55
Q

Heart attack cause

A

Blockage in coronary artery

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56
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

heart stops beating

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57
Q

Cause of stroke

A

blood supply to brain is impaired due to blood clot or rupture

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58
Q

Signs of stroke

A

Balance
Eyes

Face
Arms
Speech
Time

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59
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot in leg -> could go to heart -> detrimental

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60
Q

Cause of DVT

A

inactivity

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61
Q

Prevention of DVT

A

stay active

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62
Q

Treatment of DVT

A

rest
no liquids to prevent need for toilet

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63
Q

Symptoms of heat illness

A

Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke

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64
Q

Causes of heat illness

A

drugs or prolonged exposure to heat

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65
Q

Signs of heat exhaustion

A

Headache, dizziness, confusion
Rapid breathing
Weak pulse
Nausea, vomiting
Sweating
Pale clammy skin

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66
Q

Signs of heat stroke

A

Hot and dry skin
Headache and dizziness
Rapid breathing
Rapid pulse
Absence of sweating in late phases
Seizures
Decreased level of consciousness
Possible cardiac arrest

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67
Q

Signs of heat cramps

A

Muscle cramps
Weakness
Thirst
Pale skin
Rapid pulse

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68
Q

Treatment of heat ilness

A

Oxygen if needed
Move to cool area
Spritz with water and fan
Lay down, raise legs to be supported on pillows (improves blood flow to brain and heart)
Loosen tight clothing - remove excess
Offer cool damp cloth on forehead
Offer cool liquids for heat exhaustion and heat cramps ONLY
Check temperature constantly

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69
Q

Signs of hypothermia

A

Shivering
Feeling cold
Disorientation / confusion
Drowsiness / lethargy
Slow, weak pulse
Slow shallow breathing
Loss of consciousness

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70
Q

Treatment of hypothermia

A

Conduct a Primary Survey ABCDE
Implement the Response Plan
Oxygen if needed
Remove cold damp clothes
Wrap in blankets or warm clothes
Wrap head
Provide warm surgary drink
Do not apply sources of direct heat
If level of consciousness is impaired don’t give anything to eat/drink

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71
Q

What do you do if someone suffering from hypothermia is unresponsive and not breathing normally

A

CPR

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72
Q

Bronchi

A

Air passage way from trachea to lungs

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73
Q

Trachae (wind pipe)

A

Provides air flow

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74
Q

Asphyxia

A

suffocation

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75
Q

Causes of asphyxia

A

Asthma
Choking
Anaphylaxis

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76
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Sudden catastrophic allergic reaction involving entire body

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77
Q

Symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

Loss of consciousness
Hives
Swelling of tongue - inability to swallow
Swelling of throat

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78
Q

How does anaphylaxis cause asphyxia

A

swelling of throat and tongue causes trachea to close preventing air flow to lungs

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79
Q

Treatment for anaphylaxis

A

Epipen for over 10
Junior epipen if over 6 months but under 10 years

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80
Q

Signs of smoke inhalation

A

Red or black colouring of tongue and mouth
Wheezing / issues breathing
Burns (particularly face)
Signs of hypoxia

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81
Q

Treatment of smoke inhalation

A

Oxygen on HI
Treat other injuries e.g. burns
Check for hypoxia, shock, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest

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82
Q

If passenger has experienced smoke inhalation and is unconscious

A

Open airway and check breathing

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83
Q

If passenger has experienced smoke inhlation and is unconscious but breathing

A

recovery position

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84
Q

How to assess neurological condition severity

A

AVPU

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85
Q

AVPU scale

A

Alert: are they awake and talking coherently
Voice: do they respond to simple voice commands
Pain: do they respond to pinching hand
Unresponsive: does not respond

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86
Q

Epilepsy

A

brief disruption in brain electrical activiy

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87
Q

3 types of epileptic seizures

A

1) Petit Mal (Absence Seizure)
2) Grand Mal (Tonic-Clonic Seizure)
3) Status Epilepticus

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88
Q

Petit mal / absence seizure

A

staring in to space or blank out for a seconds

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89
Q

Grand mal / tonic-clonic seizure

A

violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness

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90
Q

Status epilepticus

A

prolonged or repeated seizures
-> medical emergency

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91
Q

Soft tissue injuries are

A

sprains and strains

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92
Q

Bone punctures are

A

fractures

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93
Q

How to you physically exam a suspected strain, sprain or fracture

A

DOTS

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94
Q

Steps of DOTS

A

Deformities: is the limb in an odd angle?
Open wounds: is skin broken and bleeding visible?
Tenderness: is the area sore to touch?
Swelling: relative to other arm, leg etc.

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95
Q

Strain

A

Soft tissue injury to muscles - occurs when muscles are overstreteched, partially or completely torn

Aka pulled muscle

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96
Q

Sprain

A

Soft tissue injury to joints and ligaments - ligaments and tissues around joint are suddenly torn or wrenched

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97
Q

Treatment of strains/sprains

A

RICE

Rest
Ice
Compress (bandage)
Elevate

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98
Q

Causes of fractures

A

Direct force
Indirect force
Muscular action
Disease

99
Q

Head injury signs

A

Visible signs e.g. bruising, cuts
Loss of consciousness
Signs of skull fracture e.g. confusion, open head wound etc.

100
Q

Treating head injuries

A

Do not overheat
Control bleedin
Monitor vital signs - watch for loss of consciousness
Look for ear discharge (cover with sterile dressing DONT PLUG)
Don’t turn neck in case of injury
Oxygen on HI

101
Q

Symptoms of back/head injuries

A

Pain / tenderness
Numbness / weakness in legs, arms
Difficulty moving
Loss of feeling
Difficulty breathing
Tingling sensation

102
Q

Treatment of back/neck injuries

A

Oxygen if needed
Obtain medical history
Do not move
Keep them laying flat
Do not overheat
Ensure airway is supported

103
Q

Primary survey steps

A

ABCDE

104
Q

Risks involved in first aid scene

A

o Falling items
o Infection
o Fire
o Water
o Confined spaces
o Chemical spillages
o Extreme conditions (e.g. turbulence)
o Toxic fumes
o Electricity

105
Q

3 roles in first aid situation

A

finder helper communicator

106
Q

Role of finder in first aid situation

A

 Check scene safety
 Check casualty
 Stay with casualty
 Call for help from CCMs
 Shout for help
 Care for casualty
 Ask passenger to get CCM

107
Q

Role of helper in first aid situation

A

 Collect relevant equipment
 Inform another CCM

108
Q

Role of communicator in first aid situation

A

 Always the SCCM, even if they are the finder they swap to be a communicator
 Crowd control
 Tel + Commande r
 Make PA for medical personnel
 Keep CCMs informed

109
Q

Rule of scene safety

A

STOP

Stop
Think
Observe
Proceed

110
Q

Sign vs symptoms

A

Signs you see
Symptoms they feel

111
Q

Before primary survey

A

check consciosuness

112
Q

How to check adult consciousness

A

tap both shoulders and shout loudly in both ears “hello hello can you hear me”

113
Q

How to check infant consciousness

A

tap one sole of the foot, clap both hands

114
Q

Primary survey = A

A

Airway

Head tilt, chin lift (4 + 2 fingers for adult, 2 + 1 fingers for infant)
Check for foreign objects
Look, listen, feel for 10 seconds
Look chest cavity for rise and fall that is even on both sides
Look at depth of breath
Look at rate of breath
Feel breath on cheek

115
Q

Apnoea

A

absence of breathing caused by total blockage

116
Q

Gurgling

A

partial obstruction to upper airway (cause = fluid)

117
Q

Snoring

A

partial obstruction to upper airway (cause = tongue)

118
Q

Stridor

A

high pitched grunting sound on inhalation indicates partial obstruction to lower part of upper airway caused by swelling or foreigin bodies

119
Q

Wheezing

A

rasping/whistling indicating narrowing of bronchioles (lower airways)

120
Q

Rates of breath we are looking for during 10 seconds across ages

A

2 - 4 - 5
* Adult (8+) = 2 breaths in 10 seconds
* Kid (0-8) = 4 breaths in 10 seconds
* Infant (0-1) = 6 breaths in 10 seconds

121
Q

Average breathing rates across ages

A
  • Adult = 12-20 breaths per minute
  • Kid = 24-40 breaths per minute
  • Infant = 40-60 breaths per minute
122
Q

Signs of increased effor in breathing

A
  • Nasal flaring
  • Use of accessory muscles e.g. neck
  • Tracheal tugging i.e. windpipe moving up and down
  • Intercostal muscle recession (muscles between ribs drawing in)
  • Abdominal sea-saw movement (diaphragm is overworking)
123
Q

Primar survey = C

A

Capillary reflex (press for 5, should bounce back in 2) on nail bed for children and adults both foot sole for infants
Check for shock
Check for bleeding
Check skin colour
Check temperature
Check pulse

124
Q

Red skin

A

too much oxygen

125
Q

Blue skin

A

too little oxygen

126
Q

Green skin

A

gastro issue

127
Q

Yellow skin

A

jaundice

128
Q

How to check pulse

A

Use middle and index fingers and place on thumb, feed it along up to wrist – check for 30 seconds

129
Q

Regular adult pulse

A

60-100 bpm

130
Q

Pulse you look for in 30 seconds across ages

A

Adult = 30-50
Children = 40-50
Infants = 50-60
Newborn = 60-70

131
Q

What to do if there is no pulse

A

CPR

132
Q

Primary survey = D

A

AVPU

133
Q

Primary survey = E

A

DOTS

134
Q

Steps of Sample

A

Signs/symptoms
Allergies
Medication
Past medical history
Last meal
Eextras

135
Q

Vital signs

A

Pulse, breathing, skin, level of response

136
Q

7 rights of administering medication

A
  • Right route
  • Right reason
  • Right person
  • Right dose
  • Right time
  • Right to refuse
  • Right documentation
137
Q

2 necessary forms to fill before contacting Medlink

A

1) Medlink Passenger Checklist
2) Medical Assessment Form

138
Q

Purpose of medical assessment / handover form

A

Helps crew track treatment of casualty on board

139
Q

Who completes the medical assessment / handover form

A

First responder / finder

140
Q

What does the medical assesment / handover form contain?

A

ABCDE
SAMPLE
Vital signs

141
Q

Purpose of health and safety / accident report form

A

To take account of a crew members injury on board

142
Q

Who completes accident report form

A

SCCM

143
Q

Pathogens

A

organisms causing infections

144
Q

Common cause of airbourne / respiratory diseases

A

bacteria and viruses

145
Q

Cause of vector bourne disease

A

An animal/insect acts as a host (vector) for pathogens/organisms e.g. mosquitos and tics - when these vectors bite us we get sick

146
Q

Measures to take in areas with high risk of vector bourne diseases

A

Use insect repellent (preferably containing DEET)
Keep arms and legs covered after sunset
Sleep in properly screened, air conditioned rooms
Use a “knockdown spray” to kill mosquitos in vicinity before sleeping

147
Q

Symptoms of communicable disease

A

Temperature of over 38 degrees celsius AND

Persistent coughing
Impaired breathing
Skin rash
Abnormal breathing
Reduced mental clarity
Persistent vomiting
Persistent diarrhoea

148
Q

Quarantine Procedure for communicable disease

A

If a major communicable disease is suspected on board, commander must inform inform station who will inform post health authority.

Post health authority will decide whether aircraft, crew and passengers need to be quarantined

On arrival no one is permitted to board or leave without permission from local authorities

If necessary, passengers will be transported to a waiting area until cleared

149
Q

If cabin must be disinfected with insecticide before landing when should it take place?

A

30 mins before landing

150
Q

Procedure for disinfecting cabin with insecticide

A

1) SCCM makes PA (advise passengers to cover nose and mouth)
2) Each CCM sprays their own zone, walking no faster than 1 zone per second, spraying upward into air
3) All used canisters should be handed to health authorities on arrival

151
Q

Signs / symptoms of posining

A

Signs around mouth and face
Convulsion / vomiting
Unconsciousness

152
Q

Treating posion if passenger is conscious

A

Obtain SAMPLE
Monitor consciousness (AVPU)
Measure vital signs
DO NOT induce vomiting
Keep samples
Administer oxygen if needed

153
Q

Treating poison if passenger is unconscious

A

Place in the recovery position
Monitor vitals
Keep samples
Be prepared to resusitate

154
Q

Potential impact of electrical current on body

A

Disrupt normal heart rhythm -> cardiac arrest

155
Q

Rule for treating burns and scalds

A

1) Cools
2) Time
3) Apply

156
Q

What is barotrauma

A

injury resulting from change in pressure (ascent, descent, decompression)

157
Q

Cause of barotrauma

A

Eustachian tube blockage - helps restore equilibrium during changes in pressure

158
Q

Signs/symptoms of barotrauma

A

 Mild-severe pain in ear drum or sinus
 Decreased hearing
 Pain behind eyes, spreading down face
 Cracking and popping sensations in ear or sinuses
 Possible crying in infants and children
 Rupture in eardrum -> sharp pain or possible bleeding

159
Q

Treatment of barotrauma

A

 Yawn, swallow or use Valsalva technique (pinching nose, mouth closed, blow to force air from eustachian tube from throat)
 Offer nasal decongestant e.g. few drops of olbas oil from fak on a tissue and inhale
 Do not put anything in, on or over them

160
Q

Treatment of air sickness

A

 Reassure
 Medical history (SAMPLE)
 Administer Domerid (for stomach)
* Make sure they haven’t taken anything else before this
* Found in FAK
 Advise passenger to minimise head movement and avoid reading
 Avoid alcohol
 Turn on PSU air vent
 Ensure plenty of sick bags available
 Monitor condition

161
Q

Signs of GI issues

A

Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pale/sweaty/clammy skin, dizziness/light-headiness, weakness

162
Q

Signs of diarrhoea

A

Frequent urge to open bowels, abdominal cramps, fever (due to infection), bleeding (can be bright red or black), dizziness, light-headeness etc

163
Q

Treatment of GI and diarrhoea

A

 Get medical history
 Offer cold wet cloths e.g. on pulse
 Offer arret for diarrhoea
 Domerid for nausea or vomiting
 If both nausea and vomiting present = arret + domerid
 Encourage fluids to sip slowly – prevent dehydration

164
Q

Causes of unconsciousness

A

 FISH
* Fainting
* Infantile Convulsions
* Shock
* Hypothermia / Head injury
 SHAPED
* Stroke
* Heart attack
* Asphyxia
* Poison
* Epileptic fit
* Diabetes

165
Q

Treatment of unconsciousnss

A

recovery position (only if breathing normally) + oxygen while ensuring to monitor vitals and AVPU

166
Q

How often should you turn someone in recovery positon

A

30 mins

167
Q

What side should pregnant women be put on in recovery positon

A

left

168
Q

Signs / symptoms of fainting

A

light headed, dizzy, pale/cool/clammy skin, nausea, brief loss of consciousness leading them to fall

169
Q

Treatment of fainting

A

 If sitting
* Get them to place their head between their knees
 If collapsed
* Assist them to lie flat -> walker stand to guide them to the ground
* Raise legs above level of the heart to improve the flow of oxygen to the brain
 Loosen light clothing around neck, chest, waist
 Administer HI flow oxygen
 Once responsive obtain a medical history
 If unconsciousness persists for more than 1 minute place into recovery position
 Do not let them stand until fully recovered

170
Q

WHat causes shock

A

failure of cardiovascular system to adequately supply body cells with oxygen

171
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

heart attack heart failure

172
Q

Hypovlemic shock

A

blood loss, burns, loss of bodily fluids

173
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

spinal cord injuries, TBIs

174
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

allergic reaction

175
Q

Septic shock

A

massive infection

176
Q

Signs/symptoms of shock

A

nausea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, anxiety, rapid/shallow breathing, rapid/weak pulse, increased capillary refill time, cyanosis, restlessness, low blood pressure, confusion, possible loss of consciousness, pale/cold/clammy skin, air hunger, extreme thirst

177
Q

Which kind of type of shock is an exception to the signs/symptoms of shock

A

neurogenic: pulse is low

178
Q

Treatment of shock

A

 Assess nature and severity
 Look for a cause of shock – obvious injury, bleeding etc, allergy
 Lay the casualty down, raise the legs and support the feet with bulky items to improve the blood supply to the brain if possible
 Administer oxygen on HI setting
 Loosen any tight clothing around the casualty’s neck, chest and waist. Cover with a blanket / coat to maintain body temperature. Do not overheat
 Continue to monitor vital signs
 Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink

179
Q

Capillary bleeding

A

slow flow of bleeding

180
Q

Venous bleeding

A

dark red and flows slowly due to lack of oxygen

181
Q

Arterial bleeding

A

 Bright red and spurts with each heartbeat

182
Q

Signs of moderate blood loss

A

 Pulse = slightly raised
 Skin = cold and clammy
 Colour = pale
 Pupils = dilated but equal
 Breathing = slightly rapid
 Consciousness = light-headed, feeling faint
 Peripheral temp = cool
 General = unstable

183
Q

Signs of severe blood loss

A

Pulse = Fast and weak
Skin = Cold and clammy
Colour = Pale to cyanosed
Pupils = Dilated and equal potential blurred vision
Breathing = Deep sighing for air hunger
Consciousness = Apathetic low pain threshold
Peripheral temp = Cold
General = Poor – potentially fatal

184
Q

Wound types (CLIP)

A

Contusions - blunt force to extremity
Lacerations - jagged objects
Incisions - blade
Puncture - nail

185
Q

Rule for treating wounds

A

PEEP

186
Q

Steps in treating wounds

A

 Posture
 Elevation
* Above the heart
 Examination
 Pressure
* 10 mins for severe bleed
* Pressure dressing if direct pressure and elevation not enough
 If theres dirt – a little water to irrigate is okay but not too much so blood can coagulate and crust
 Clean with a sterilising wipe
 You cannot remove anything – you will have to bandage around it (weeving it in and around to a donut)
 If pressure and elevation do not control the bleeding, apply a pressure dressing over the original dressing
 Check capillary refill around area
 Treat for shock

187
Q

How to dress/bandage wounds

A

 Tight but not to tight to prevent circulation
* Have them wiggle fingers
* Tap the top of their fingers
* Check pulse – capillary refill (press for 5, release for 2 seconds) every 20 minutes
 Tie bandage on top of cut for pressure
 Remove all jewellery and watches for swelling
 Put hand into upsling to elevate it
 If blood starts to seep out put another layer over it

188
Q

Treatment of nose bleed

A

 Observe Vital Signs
 Assess the nature and severity of the condition. Evaluate for signs of trauma
 Assess the severity of the bleeding. Check for any other nose or cranial problems, such as a recent cold, sinus infection or injury
 Advise the casualty to lean forward, breathe through the mouth and pinch the soft part of the nose for 10 minutes. Provide disposable towels
 If the casualty’s nose is still bleeding after 10 minutes, instruct him/her to repeat the process and pinch the nose again for another 10 minutes
 Monitor the casualty for signs of shock
 When the bleeding has stopped advise the casualty to avoid blowing the nose drinking anything too hot / too cold or coughing, this may disturb the blood clot that has formed cause the bleeding to start again
 Do not insert anything into the nose
 If the nose bleed is severe or if it lasts longer than 30 minutes in total, seek medical attention

189
Q

Signs of international bleeding in the following
- Lungs
- Stomach
- Kidneys
- Bowel
- Fractured skull

A

 Lungs = coughing blood
 Stomach = vomiting blood
 Kidneys = blood in urine
 Bowel = blood in stool
 Fractured skull = blood and cerebrospinal fluid from ears and nose

190
Q

Treatment of internal bleeding

A

 Vital signs
 Obtain SAMPLE
 Monitor vitals
 Calm and reassure
 Administer oxygen
 Urgent removal to hospital

191
Q

Open fracture

A

open wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone

192
Q

Closed fracture

A

not visible above ksin

193
Q

Complicated fracture

A

several fractures affecting one bone or when fracture affects vessel or internal organ

194
Q

Green stick fracture

A

occurs in those with elasticity in their bones e.g. kids (like a stick splintering)

195
Q

Treatment of fracture

A

 Assess the nature and severity of the injury
 Make the casualty as comfortable as possible, sit or lie the casualty down
 Administer oxygen if required
 If a leg or knee is injured, support the leg above and below the injury site to keep it secure. To support an arm, wrist or hand, lay the arm across the casualty’s body and advise the casualty to support it with the other hand
 Cover any wound, loosely, with a clean dressing. Secure the dressing with adhesive tape or a bandage
 Seek medical attention
 Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink
 Monitor vital signs and levels of response
 Immobilise the injured area, including the joints above and below the fracture. Place soft padding between bony areas such as the knees and ankles.
 Check circulation beyond the injury site. Feel the skin and check the capillary refill. Monitor the casualty for signs of shock
 Do not move the injured limb
 If visible bone ends are protruding from a wound, do not push the ends back into a wound - If the casualty develops shock, lay the casualty flat with legs raised

196
Q

Signs/symptoms of fracture

A

 History of injury
 Heard bone break
 Swelling / pain/ loss of movement
 Pain or tenderness in injured area
 Bruising or swelling
 Abrnomal appearance e.g. shortening of arm
 Pain with weight bearing or inability to use injured part

197
Q

Purpose of support sling

A

reduces mobility for fractures

198
Q

Purpose of upper arm / elevation sling

A

for wounds/bleeds

199
Q

Signs/symptoms of dislocation

A

pain, loss of movement, deformity, absence of pulse and/or numbness below disolocation

200
Q

Treatment of dislocation

A

check pulse below injured site, calm and reassure, administer oxygen if necessary

201
Q

Causes of burns

A

 Heat = fire, water, steam
 Friction = ropes
 Cold = ice, snow, liquid nitrogen
 Chemicals = acids
 Radiation = radioactive material
 Electricity = lightening strike

202
Q

Degrees of burns

A

 1st: epidermis (red skin) – superficial
 2nd: epidermis + dermis (blisters – don’t pop) – semi thickness
 3rd: epidermis, dermis + subcutaneous (loss of feeling) – full thickness

203
Q

Burn treatment

A

 Remove burning agent
 Cool with tepid water for 10 minutes
 Assess nature of injury
 Prevent further skin damage – cool sking using cool water for 10 mins to halt the burning process and neutralize the cause
 Remove contaminated clothing if not stuck to skin
 Remove jwellery from areas
 Do not burst blisters
 Do not remove clothing stuck to skin
 Apply water burn gel from the FAK (only after cooling for 10 mins) and secure with a sterile dressing
 Elevate the injured area to prevent swelling
 Keep casualty warm – maintain normal body temp
 Do not apply cream or adhesive dressing
 Do not over cool casualty – particular hazard for infants and elderly
 Administer oxygen if needed
 Tie bandage below burn

204
Q

After effects of decompression

A
  • Painful sinuses/ear problems
  • Pain in stomach/wind
  • Tingling fingers and toes
  • Breathlessness and anxiety
205
Q

Treatment choking that is mild (i.e. resulting in coughing)

A

encourage coughing

206
Q

Treatment choking that is severe (i.e. coughing not working)

A

Unconscious = CPR
Conscious = 5 back blows + 5 abdominal thrusts

207
Q

Steps of treating severe choking in conscious person

A

Ask casualty to lean over
Stand to their side
5 back blows using the heal of the hand between the shoulder blades
If unresolved = 5 abdominal thrusts (stand behind, make fist, place fist above navel, grab with the other hand and pull in)
If unresolved = continue alternating

208
Q

Can you do abdominal thrusts in obese or pregnant persons

A

No - must do chest ones in between breast bone

209
Q

Can you do abdominal thrusts and black blows on infant

A

No - instead use black slaps and chest thrusts

210
Q

Max number of POUs on board

A

2

211
Q

Can more than 1 passenger use a POU

A

no - max is one as its considered a dangerous good

212
Q

Right and left of heart is oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

LORD
Right = deoxygenated
Left = oxygenated

213
Q

4 heart chambers

A

left and right atrium
left and right ventricle

214
Q

Biggest muscle in the body

A

Aorta

215
Q

Angina (cause + symptoms)

A

temporary inadequate blood supply to heart -> narrowing of one or more coronary arteries feed the heart muscle

heart is made to work harder -> due to exertion or excitement

chest pain - often relieved by medication, possible cyanosis, rapdi/shallow breathing, nausea/vomiting, anxeiety, weakness/numbness

216
Q

Angina treatment

A

Oxygen HI flow
Advise to take meds if they do
SAMPLE
Reassure them
Recline seat (semi-recumbanent position)
Open tight clothing
Monitor vitals

217
Q

Heart attack treatment

A
  • Administer oxygen on a HI setting. Reassure the casualty. Help the casualty to settle into a semi – recumbent position [recline their seat and feet slightly raised e.g on a small bag]
  • Obtain medical history of current problem [SAMPLE]
  • Prepare for possible cardiac arrest, most commonly occurring with in the first 2 hours [the first 10 minutes are most crucial]
218
Q

Chain of survival

A

early access, early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced care

219
Q

Cardiac arrest vs heart attack

A

cardiac arrest = electrical therefore unconscious
heart attack = circulation therefore conscious

220
Q

Medication for chest pain or suspected heart attack

A

aspirin

221
Q

Cardiac arrest symptoms/signs

A

sudden collapse
not breathing or not normally at least
loss of consciousness

222
Q

Contra-indications for use of asprin

A

Age, Bleeding disorder, Bleeding ulcer, Allergy (ABBA)

223
Q

Treatment for cardiac arrest

A

CPR
AED

224
Q

CPR mechanism

A

chest compressions provide cirulation by forcing oxygenated blood through heart and into blood vessels, and rescue breaths to supply oxygen

225
Q

Why is CPR crucial in the first 3 minutes

A

prevents permanent brain damage

226
Q

Instructions and equipment for CPR

A

2 laerdal masks, 2 gloves, AED and blanket

Tell SCCM, SCCM tells commander, PA for doctor or nurse

227
Q

Command used to move passengers from seat for CPR

A

Bend your knees and mind your back
Ready steady lift, ready steady move, ready steady down

228
Q

CPR for adult

A

30 chest compression (rate = 100/120 per minute, 1.5-2 inches depth)
Followed by 2 rescue breaths using laedral mask

229
Q

How much time do you have to swap during CPR

A

3-6 seconds

230
Q

Where can you find laerdal mask

A

First aid kit
Prep kit
Biohazard kit

231
Q

How many cycles until you swap

A

5

232
Q

Who counts and announces the cycle

A

helper

233
Q

CPR considerations for hand for infant

A

hand underneath back/shoulder
finger nearest mouth is up (toe finges only)

234
Q

Time between landing and taking your seat when oyu are with someone for CPR

A

2 mins

235
Q

Asphyxia

A

suffocation

236
Q

Asphyxia

A

suffocation

237
Q

Asphyxia

A

suffocation

238
Q

Diabates are risk of 2 things

A

Hypoglycaemia + Hyperglycaemia

239
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Too much sugar in blood -> insufficient insulin

240
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Too little sugar in blood ->

241
Q

Signs of Hyperglycaemia

A

Extreme thrist
Frequent urination
Dry, flushed skin
Deep breathing
Sweat, fruity smell on breath
Severe case -> loss of consciousness
Rapid, weak pulse

242
Q

Signs of hypoglycaemia

A

Usually they know
Pale, sweaty skin
Weakness, fatigue, sluurred speech
Hunger, trembling, rapid strong pulse
Confused, vague or aggressive state

243
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

This occurs when a fertilized egg implants in an abdominal position, that is somewhere other than the uterine wall. This results in bleeding either into the uterus or the abdominal cavity.

CCTO (8 decks)

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