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BIOLECTURE > Module 4: DNA > Flashcards

Module 4: DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Conserves number of chromosomes sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

Reduces number of chromosomes sets from 2n to n producing cells that differ from each other and from the parent cell

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

The exchange of genetic information between the pair of homologous chromosomes allows genetic variation among the population.

A

Creates Genetic Diversity

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4
Q

Recombination through meiosis can replace
that abnormality in the next generation,
allowing the formation of a healthy individual.

A

Repairs Genetic Defects

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5
Q

When the chromosomal reduction process is not maintained it causes what?

A

Genetic Abnormality

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6
Q

Further coil and condense or gather to form fibrous material which is called Chromatin

A

Nucleosomes

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7
Q

Are thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

DNA Molecules first wrapped around the histone proteins forming beads on string structure called what?

A

Nucleosomes

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9
Q

The number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal, what rule is this?

A

Chargaff’s rule

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10
Q

A polymer of nucleotides, each consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and phosphate group.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

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11
Q

In 1953, two people introduced a double-helical model structure base on Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography the DNA molecule.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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12
Q

A is paired to T. What do you call A and T?

A

Adenine & Thymine

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13
Q

G is paired to C. What do you call G and C?

A

Guanine & Cytosine

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14
Q

The parent molecules unwind and make what?

A

Two new daughter strands.

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15
Q

Watson’s and Crick’s semiconservative model of replication predicts when a double helix replicates, each daughter cell will _____ and one ______

A

one old strand (conserved); newly made strand

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16
Q

Three types of DNA replication

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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17
Q

What do you call when two DNA strands are separated opening up a replication “bubble”

A

Origins of replication

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18
Q

A eukaryotic chromosome may have ____ of origins of replication.

A

Hundreds or even thousands

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19
Q

Replication proceeds in _____ from each origin until the either molecule is copied.

A

Both directions

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20
Q

It is a Y-shape region at the end of each replication bubble where new DNA strands are elongating.

A

Replication Fork

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21
Q

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks.

A

Helicases

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22
Q

To bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA (Keep the strand separated)

A

Single-strand binding proteins

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23
Q

Corrects “Overwinding” or “Supercoiling” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA strands = UNTANGLES

A

Topoisomerase

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24
Q

Enzyme that adds RNA bases in the strand which creates the RNA primer.

A

Primase

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25
Q

Initiates synthesis of DNA polynucleotide

A

RNA Primer

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26
Q

Binds to RNA primer and adds DNA bases (free nucleotides)

A

DNA Polymerase 3

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27
Q

The antiparallel structure of the double helix affects what replication?

A

Antiparallel Elongation

28
Q

A new DNA strand cna elongate to only in the ____ to ___ direction

A

5’ to 3’

29
Q

Synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction towards the replication fork.

A

Leading Strand

30
Q

Synthesized discontinuously in short segments because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction, but this strand runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction relative to the replication

A

Lagging strand

31
Q

Removes RNA primer which initiated the replication and replaces them with DNA Nucleotides

A

DNA Polymerase 1

32
Q

Joins Okazaki Fragments

A

DNA Ligase

33
Q

Removal of Helicase

A

Ubiquitin Ligase Complex

34
Q

Replication continues until the ___________

A

The entire DNA molecule has been duplicated

35
Q

In _____,Termination occurs when the replication forks meet.

A
36
Q

In ______, multiple replication forks eventually merge.

A
37
Q

The process where parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

A

Cell Division

38
Q

Two main types of cell division.

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

39
Q

By ________, cells ensure that genetic information is accurately transmitted, maintaining the organism’s integrity and function.

A

Replicating DNA before cell division

40
Q

_______, depend on cell division for development from a fertilized cell, growth, repair.

A

Multicellular eukaryotes

41
Q

In _______, division of one cell reproduces the entire organism.

A

Unicellular organisms

42
Q

Is the transmission of traits from one
generation to the next

A

Heredity

43
Q

Is demonstrated by the differences in
appearance that offspring show from parents
and siblings

A

Variation

44
Q

Is the scientific study of heredity and
variation

A

Genetics

45
Q

An ordered display of the pairs of
chromosomes from a cell

A

Karyotype

46
Q

Human somatic cells have _____
of chromosomes

A

23 pairs

47
Q

the two chromosomes
in each pair

A

Homologous chromosomes or homologs

48
Q

homologous pair of X
chromosomes (XX)

A

Human females

49
Q

one X and one Y

A

Human males

50
Q

The remaining 22
pairs of chromosomes.

A

Autosomes

51
Q

Determine the sex of the
individual

A

Sex chromosomes

52
Q

A ______ (2n) has two sets of chromosomes. For humans, 46 (2n = 46)

A

Diploid cell

53
Q

A _______ contains a single set of
chromosomes and is haploid (n).
For humans, 23 (n = 23)

A

gamete (sperm or egg)

54
Q

Two copies of each chromosome

A

Diploid

55
Q

One copy of each chromosome

A

Haploid

56
Q

the union of gametes (the sperm and the egg)

A

Fertilization

57
Q
  • The fertilized egg
  • has one set of chromosomes from each parent
  • produces somatic cells by mitosis and
    develops into an adult
A

Zygote

58
Q

is a cell division process where
a single (parent) cell divides twice to
produce four independent (daughter)
cells, each having half the
chromosomes as the original cell.

A

Meiosis

59
Q

Meiosis takes place only in the ______.

A

reproductive cell types

60
Q

For a cell to undergo meiosis, it must
have a ______ chromosome
number.

A

diploid (2n) chromosome

61
Q
  • Preparatory phase of
    cell division
  • Each chromosome
    duplicates to become
    two identical sister
    chromatids.
  • The centrioles get
    duplicated as well.
A

Interphase of Meiosis

62
Q
  • Spindle fiber attached to centromere
  • Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the center of the cell
A

Metaphase I of Meiosis

63
Q

The tetrads are separated and chromosomes with
two sister chromatids (homologous) migrates to the
opposite poles.

A

Anaphase I of Meiosis

64
Q

*The chromosomes
stop migrating with
each pole.
*The nuclear
envelope
reappears, and the
spindle fibers
disappear.
*Contains a haploid
number of
chromosomes.

A

Telophase I of Meiosis

65
Q

*The chromosomes
uncoil and become less
dense.
* Nucleolus reappears
within the nucleus.
*Two different daughter
cells are formed, each
with half the number of
chromosomes as the
parent cell.

A

Cytokinesis I of Meiosis

BIOLECTURE (6 decks)

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