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chemistry a-level > Module 4: Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 4: Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first rule for naming branched alkanes?

A

Find the longest continuous carbon chain and name it- this is the STEM (methane, ethane, propane etc)

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2
Q

What is the second rule for naming branched alkanes?

A

Name the chain coming off (Alkyl group- methyl, ethyl, propyl etc)

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3
Q

What is the formula for alkyl groups?

A

C n H 2n+1

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4
Q

What is the third rule for naming branched alkanes?

A

Count which carbon the alkyl group is on- this is the PREFIX

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5
Q

What is the fourth rule for naming branched alkanes?

A

If the same alkyl group appears more than once add di, tri, tetra etc… (whichever is relevant)

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6
Q

What is the fifth rule for naming branched alkanes?

A

The chains are named alphabetically regardless of the number

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7
Q

What is the sixth rule for naming branched alkanes?

A

Any functional groups go at the end- this is called the SUFFIX (if the SUFFIX begins with a vowel remove the ‘E’ from the end of the STEM)

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8
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties with each successive member differing by CH2

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9
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

C n H 2n+2

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10
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C n H 2n

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11
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

C n H 2n

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12
Q

What are the two types of structural formulas?

A

Displayed and skeletal

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13
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with one carbon stem?

A

Meth

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14
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with two carbons stem?

A

Eth

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15
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with three carbons stem?

A

Prop

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16
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with four carbons stem?

A

But

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17
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with five carbons stem?

A

Pent

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18
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with six carbons stem?

A

Hex

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19
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with seven carbons stem?

A

Hept

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20
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with eight carbons stem?

A

Oct

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21
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with nine carbons stem?

A

Non

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22
Q

What is a hydrocarbon with ten carbons stem?

A

Dec

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23
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

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24
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

When the chain of carbons is arranged differently

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25
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

When the placement of a functional group changes

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26
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon chains

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27
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms in a ring structure

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28
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms involving benzene structure

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29
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Double bond between carbon atoms

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30
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Triple bond between carbon atoms

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31
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Hydrocarbons with the functional group -OH

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32
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A

Hydrocarbons with a halogen as a functional group (chlorine, flourine, bromine)

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33
Q

What are aldehydes?

A

A hydrocarbon with a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydrogen atom, suffix of -al (ethanal)

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34
Q

What are ketones?

A

A hydrocarbon where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom

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35
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

A hydrocarbon where an carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to an -OH group

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36
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated molecules have no double bonds and cannot make any more bonds between atoms, unsaturated molecules have double bonds and can make more bonds between atoms

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37
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

The longer the chain length, the more London forces and surface contact between the molecules, so the longer the molecule is the higher the boiling point is

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38
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A

Overlap of orbitals that can freely rotate

39
Q

Why are alkanes unreactive?

A

Strong covalent bonds and low polarity

40
Q

What is oxidised in combustion?

A

Fuels

41
Q

What happens to fuels when they react with oxygen?

A

Carbon -> carbon dioxide

Hydrogen-> water

42
Q

What are the products from complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide water

43
Q

What are the products from incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide, carbon and water

44
Q

What is the algebraic formula of complete combustion?

A

CxHy + (x+y/4)O2 -> xCO2 + y/2 H2O

45
Q

What is free radical substitution?

A

A substitution reaction involving an atom called a radical- an atom with a single unpaired electron

46
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which an atom, ion, or group of atoms or ions in a molecule is replaced by another atom, ion, or group

47
Q

What order do free radical substitution reactions happen in?

A

Initiation, propagation, termination

48
Q

What is initiation in free radical substitution?

A

When the chain of substitution reactions is started by UV light breaking a chlorine/bromine molecule into free radicals

49
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When a diatonic atom (such as chlorine, Cl2) breaks into 2 chlorine radicals

50
Q

What is propagation in free radical substitution?

A

Reactions which keeps the chain going (one radical on each side of the reaction)

51
Q

What is termination in free radical substitution?

A

Reactions which remove free radicals from the system and do not replace them

52
Q

What is a negative aspect to using free radical substitution in a lab?

A

No controlling what product form

53
Q

How can free radical substitution be slightly controlled in a lab?

A

Limiting one reacant e.g. Chlorine radicals

54
Q

Why do alkenes have weaker intermolecular forces?

A

Because the double bond puts a kink in the chain, therefore reducing surface contact and interaction of London forces

55
Q

How do you name alkenes?

A

Same as alkanes, except you have to find the longest carbon chain that contains a double bond(s)

56
Q

How many bonds can a carbon atom make?

A

4

57
Q

How many bonds can a hydrogen atom make?

A

1

58
Q

What bonds are present in a double bond?

A

Sigma bond and pi bond

59
Q

Why can alkenes open their double bond to become saturated alkanes?

A

Because the pi bond is weaker than the sigma bond

60
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

A molecule with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space

61
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

A form of isomerism that requires a double bond between carbons and different groups attached to each carbon in the double bond, must one of the groups must be a hydrogen (cis - same side, trans -different sides)

62
Q

What is E-Z isomerism?

A

A form of isomerism that requires a double bond between carbons and different groups attached to each carbon in the double bond (Z - same side, E - opposite sides)

63
Q

What is the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rule?

A

Looking at what’s DIRECTLY attached to the carbon in the double bond to assign it E or Z for stereoisomerism; the atom with the higher atomic number has priority

64
Q

How does stereoisomerism effect the physical properties of compounds?

A

An increase in surface contact increases intermolecular forces, therefore increases the energy needed to break those forces (and increases density)

65
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

When hydrogen (H2) is added to an alkene to form an alkane

66
Q

What do addition reactions require?

A

A nickel catalyst

67
Q

What is a mono-unsaturated alkene?

A

When there is only 1 carbon-carbon double bond

68
Q

What is a poly-unsaturated alkene?

A

When there are 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds

69
Q

What happens when water reacts with alkenes?

A

Alcohol alkanes are formed

70
Q

What happens when alkenes react in addition reactions?

A

The pi bond breaks to form an alkane

71
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive that alkanes?

A

Because they are unsaturated and have a weak pi bond

72
Q

What reactions do alkanes undergo?

A

Combustion, substitution

73
Q

What reactions do alkenes undergo?

A

Combustion, addition

74
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

A species with a whole or partial positive charge; they are electron pair acceptors

75
Q

Why are alkenes ‘attacked’ by electrophiles?

A

Because of the high electron density of the double bond

76
Q

What is a curly arrow?

A

A diagram representation of the movement of a single/a pair of electrons

77
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When a compound with a covalent bond between two different chemical species is broken in unequally, resulting in one atom retaining the pair of electrons

78
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

A carbon atom without a pair of electrons as a result from the pi bond breaking open during heterolytic fission

79
Q

What is an addition reaction called when an electrophile is involved?

A

Electrophilic addition

80
Q

What is Markovnikoffs’ rule?

A

When a hydrogen halide reacts with an unsymmetrical alkene the hydrogen will attach to the carbon (of the double bond) with the most hydrogens and least carbons attached

81
Q

In Markovnikoffs’ rule, why is the majority product formed rather than the minority product?

A

Because it is more energetically stable, therefore less activation energy is needed

82
Q

Name the products formed from Markovnikoffs’ rule

A

Majority and minority (primary and secondary depending on which comes first)

83
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

When an alkene (monomer) undergoes an addition reaction with itself to form a polymer

84
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation?

A

The pi bonds opens up to bond with other monomers

85
Q

What are the conditions requires to form poly(ethene)?

A

200 degrees centigrade, 2000 atmospheres pressure, small amount of oxygen free radical

86
Q

What is the difference between linear and non-linear polymers?

A

Branching; linear polymer gas more surface contact therefore stronger intermolecular forces

87
Q

What decides the properties of a polymer?

A

Chain length, side groups (polarity increases chain strength), branching

88
Q

What is cross linking in polymers?

A

Covalent bonds between monomers that make the polymer difficult to melt

89
Q

What are thermoplastics?

A

No cross linking, weak forces in the chain so easily broken by heating

90
Q

What are thermosets?

A

Lots of cross linking, strong covalent bonds so keeps it shape when heated

91
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Alkenes with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement in space

92
Q

Why does stereoisomerism occur?

A

Because the pi bond in the double bond restricts the rotation

93
Q

What is E/Z isomerism?

A

When a molecule has a carbon-carbon double bond and different groups attached to each carbon of the double bond

94
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

When a molecule has a carbon-carbon double bond and different groups attached to each carbon of the double bond, however there must be a hydrogen group on each of the carbons

chemistry a-level (8 decks)

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