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Chemistry A-Level > Module 2 and 3: Shapes and Trends of Molecules and Ions > Flashcards

Module 2 and 3: Shapes and Trends of Molecules and Ions Flashcards

1
Q

How many degrees does the bond angle in a covalent bond decrease per lone pair of electrons?

A

2.5 degrees

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2
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 4 bonded pairs?

A

109.5 degrees

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3
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pair?

A

107 degrees

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4
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs?

A

104.5 degrees

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5
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with just 3 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

120 degrees

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6
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 6 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

90 degrees

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7
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 4 bonded pairs?

A

Tetrahedal

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8
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pairs?

A

Trigonal pyramidal

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9
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs?

A

Non-linear (because they’re bent!)

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10
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

Trigonal plainar

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11
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 6 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

Octahedral

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12
Q

Why do lone pairs cause more repulsion?

A

Because they are not shared, therefore have a more concentrated negative charge

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13
Q

What is the rule of oxidation to do with elements?

A

All elements in their natural state have an oxidation value of zero

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14
Q

What is the rule of oxidation to do with molecules?

A

The atoms of any molecule in their natural state have an oxidation value of zero

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15
Q

What is the rule of oxidation to do with ions?

A

The charge of any ion adds onto the oxidation value

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16
Q

What is the first rule of oxidation?

A

The oxidation number of any element in group 1, 2 or 3 are always +1, +2 or +3 respectively

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17
Q

What is the second rule of oxidation?

A

Flourine is usually 1-

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18
Q

What is the third rule of oxidation?

A

Hydrogen is usually 1+

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19
Q

What is the fourth rule of oxidation?

A

Oxygen is usually 2-

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20
Q

What is the fifth rule of oxidation?

A

Chlorine is usally 1-

21
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

22
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

23
Q

What happens when the oxidation number increases?

A

More electrons are lost, therefore the ion is more positive

24
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

A chemical that is oxidised

25
What is an oxidising agent?
A chemical that is reduced
26
What is a weak acid?
An acid with partial hydrogen ion disassociation
27
What is a strong acid?
An acid with full hydrogen ion disassociation
28
What is another name for a hydrogen ion?
Proton donor
29
What is the formula of hydrochloric acid?
HCl
30
What is the formula of sulphuric acid?
H₂SO₄
31
What is the formula of nitric acid?
HNO₃
32
What is the formula of phosphoric acid?
H₃PO₄
33
What is the formula of ethanoic acid?
CH₃COOH
34
How does hydrogen ion concentration effect pH?
As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH increases
35
What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?
NaOH
36
What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?
KOH
37
What is the formula for ammonia?
NH₃
38
What is a base?
A proton acceptor
39
What is an alkali?
A soluble base that releases OH- in an aqueous solution
40
What is a salt?
An acid that has had one or more hydrogen ions displaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion
41
How many electrons are in one orbital?
2
42
What are the sub shells in electron configuration?
s, p, d and f
43
How many electrons are in the sub shell s?
2
44
How many electrons are in the sub shell p?
6
45
How many electrons are in the sub shell d?
10
46
How many electrons are in the sub shell f?
14
47
What are energy levels?
Shells that are split into sub shells
48
What is ionisation energy?
Energy required to remove one mole of electrons from only mole of gaseous substance

Chemistry A-Level (8 decks)

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