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Chemistry A-Level > Module 2 and 3: Shapes and Trends of Molecules and Ions > Flashcards

Module 2 and 3: Shapes and Trends of Molecules and Ions Flashcards

1
Q

How many degrees does the bond angle in a covalent bond decrease per lone pair of electrons?

A

2.5 degrees

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2
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 4 bonded pairs?

A

109.5 degrees

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3
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pair?

A

107 degrees

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4
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs?

A

104.5 degrees

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5
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with just 3 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

120 degrees

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6
Q

What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 6 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

90 degrees

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7
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 4 bonded pairs?

A

Tetrahedal

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8
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pairs?

A

Trigonal pyramidal

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9
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs?

A

Non-linear (because they’re bent!)

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10
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

Trigonal plainar

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11
Q

What is the name of a covalent bond with 6 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?

A

Octahedral

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12
Q

Why do lone pairs cause more repulsion?

A

Because they are not shared, therefore have a more concentrated negative charge

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13
Q

What is the rule of oxidation to do with elements?

A

All elements in their natural state have an oxidation value of zero

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14
Q

What is the rule of oxidation to do with molecules?

A

The atoms of any molecule in their natural state have an oxidation value of zero

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15
Q

What is the rule of oxidation to do with ions?

A

The charge of any ion adds onto the oxidation value

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16
Q

What is the first rule of oxidation?

A

The oxidation number of any element in group 1, 2 or 3 are always +1, +2 or +3 respectively

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17
Q

What is the second rule of oxidation?

A

Flourine is usually 1-

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18
Q

What is the third rule of oxidation?

A

Hydrogen is usually 1+

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19
Q

What is the fourth rule of oxidation?

A

Oxygen is usually 2-

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20
Q

What is the fifth rule of oxidation?

A

Chlorine is usally 1-

21
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

22
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

23
Q

What happens when the oxidation number increases?

A

More electrons are lost, therefore the ion is more positive

24
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

A chemical that is oxidised

25
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A

A chemical that is reduced

26
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

An acid with partial hydrogen ion disassociation

27
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

An acid with full hydrogen ion disassociation

28
Q

What is another name for a hydrogen ion?

A

Proton donor

29
Q

What is the formula of hydrochloric acid?

30
Q

What is the formula of sulphuric acid?

31
Q

What is the formula of nitric acid?

32
Q

What is the formula of phosphoric acid?

33
Q

What is the formula of ethanoic acid?

34
Q

How does hydrogen ion concentration effect pH?

A

As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH increases

35
Q

What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?

36
Q

What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?

37
Q

What is the formula for ammonia?

38
Q

What is a base?

A

A proton acceptor

39
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A soluble base that releases OH- in an aqueous solution

40
Q

What is a salt?

A

An acid that has had one or more hydrogen ions displaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion

41
Q

How many electrons are in one orbital?

42
Q

What are the sub shells in electron configuration?

A

s, p, d and f

43
Q

How many electrons are in the sub shell s?

44
Q

How many electrons are in the sub shell p?

45
Q

How many electrons are in the sub shell d?

46
Q

How many electrons are in the sub shell f?

47
Q

What are energy levels?

A

Shells that are split into sub shells

48
Q

What is ionisation energy?

A

Energy required to remove one mole of electrons from only mole of gaseous substance

Chemistry A-Level (8 decks)

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