Module 2 and 3: Shapes and Trends of Molecules and Ions Flashcards
How many degrees does the bond angle in a covalent bond decrease per lone pair of electrons?
2.5 degrees
What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 4 bonded pairs?
109.5 degrees
What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pair?
107 degrees
What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs?
104.5 degrees
What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with just 3 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?
120 degrees
What is the bond angle in a covalent bond with 6 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?
90 degrees
What is the name of a covalent bond with 4 bonded pairs?
Tetrahedal
What is the name of a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and 1 lone pairs?
Trigonal pyramidal
What is the name of a covalent bond with 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pairs?
Non-linear (because they’re bent!)
What is the name of a covalent bond with 3 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?
Trigonal plainar
What is the name of a covalent bond with 6 bonded pairs and no lone pairs?
Octahedral
Why do lone pairs cause more repulsion?
Because they are not shared, therefore have a more concentrated negative charge
What is the rule of oxidation to do with elements?
All elements in their natural state have an oxidation value of zero
What is the rule of oxidation to do with molecules?
The atoms of any molecule in their natural state have an oxidation value of zero
What is the rule of oxidation to do with ions?
The charge of any ion adds onto the oxidation value
What is the first rule of oxidation?
The oxidation number of any element in group 1, 2 or 3 are always +1, +2 or +3 respectively
What is the second rule of oxidation?
Flourine is usually 1-
What is the third rule of oxidation?
Hydrogen is usually 1+
What is the fourth rule of oxidation?
Oxygen is usually 2-
What is the fifth rule of oxidation?
Chlorine is usally 1-
What is oxidation?
Loss of electrons
What is reduction?
Gain of electrons
What happens when the oxidation number increases?
More electrons are lost, therefore the ion is more positive
What is a reducing agent?
A chemical that is oxidised
What is an oxidising agent?
A chemical that is reduced
What is a weak acid?
An acid with partial hydrogen ion disassociation
What is a strong acid?
An acid with full hydrogen ion disassociation
What is another name for a hydrogen ion?
Proton donor
What is the formula of hydrochloric acid?
HCl
What is the formula of sulphuric acid?
H₂SO₄
What is the formula of nitric acid?
HNO₃
What is the formula of phosphoric acid?
H₃PO₄
What is the formula of ethanoic acid?
CH₃COOH
How does hydrogen ion concentration effect pH?
As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH increases
What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?
NaOH
What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?
KOH
What is the formula for ammonia?
NH₃
What is a base?
A proton acceptor
What is an alkali?
A soluble base that releases OH- in an aqueous solution
What is a salt?
An acid that has had one or more hydrogen ions displaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion
How many electrons are in one orbital?
2
What are the sub shells in electron configuration?
s, p, d and f
How many electrons are in the sub shell s?
2
How many electrons are in the sub shell p?
6
How many electrons are in the sub shell d?
10
How many electrons are in the sub shell f?
14
What are energy levels?
Shells that are split into sub shells
What is ionisation energy?
Energy required to remove one mole of electrons from only mole of gaseous substance
