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Chemistry > Module 4 - core organic chemistry > Flashcards

Module 4 - core organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula for all alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

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2
Q

Define functional group

A

Group of atoms in a molecule which is responsible for the reaction

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3
Q

What are the three main types of organic reactions

A

Substitution
Elimination
Addition

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4
Q

What are the three main organic reaction mechanisms

A

electrophile (likes electrons/negative charges)
nucleophile (like positive charges)
radical (unpaired electron, ver aggressive)

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5
Q

What are electrophiles

A

electron pair acceptors

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6
Q

what are nucleophiles

A

electron pair donors

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7
Q

define hydrolysis

A

breaking of covalent bonds by reaction with water

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8
Q

define condensation

A

reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger one and in which water or anoter small molecule is formed (lost)

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9
Q

Define alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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10
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

Why do branched isomers have lower boiling points than unbranched?

A

less surface area of contact
weaker london forces
less energy required to overcome london forces

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12
Q

Define homolgues series

A

group of compounds with the same general formula but a different fuctional group
Differ by a CH2 group

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13
Q

Define aliphatic

A

a hydrocarbon joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic rings

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14
Q

Define alicyclic

A

an aliphatic compound containing a benzene ring

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15
Q

Define cycloalkane

A

a cyclic alkane e.g. cyclohexane

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16
Q

Define radical

A

species with an unpaired electron

17
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

each atom receives one bond electron, radicals are formed

18
Q

Define heterolytic fission

A

one atom receives both bond electrons, ions are formed

19
Q

What do full headed curly arrows show?

A

Movement of a pair of electrons

20
Q

What do half headed arrows show?

A

movement of a single electron

21
Q

Define alkene

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

22
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

23
Q

How are alkenes prepared?

A

from alcohols by elimination reaction or from crude oil

24
Q

What do double bonds have that make them a good target for electrophillic addition?

A

High electron density

25
Q

What do halogen atoms bind to?

A

carbons from the double bond

26
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

shake with bromine water at room temperature
goes from orange to colourless

27
Q

Describe bonding in alkanes

A

all four carbon bonds are sigma bonds
the orbitals overlap in just one point and can therefore rotate across axis
high bond enthalpy
tetrahedral

28
Q

Describe bonding in alkenes

A

double bond consists of one sigma and one Pi bond
In the pi bond the P orbitals of two carbons overlap in two points (sideways) so they cannot rotate
double bonds are stronger and shorter than single bonds
high electron density
trigonal planar

29
Q

Define polymer

A

Long chain molecules of monomers

30
Q

What are the rules of polymers

A

draw square bracket through the middle of the bond
polymer chain is built is built only from carbons with a double bond - all other carbons form side chains
remember to put n on both sides of the equation

31
Q

Define structural isomer

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

32
Q

What are some characteristics of alcohols

A

high boiling points due to hydrogen bonds
C-O bond polar
OH good leaving group
likes to undergo elimination and nucleophillic substitution reactions
acts as a nucleophile in esterifcation reactions

33
Q

What is the role of ozone

A

absorbs high energy UV radiation which causes skin cancer

34
Q

What is indicated by a higher boiling point than expected?

A

impurities

Chemistry (11 decks)

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