Module 2 - foundations in chemistry Flashcards
What are the standard conditions for 1 mol of any gas?
298 K 25 C
100 kPa
What is the equation for volume of gas?
V = n x 24 dm mol -1
How do you convert from cm3 to dm3?
x/1000
What is the ideal gas equation?
PV=nRT
P=pressure Pa V=volume m3 n=moles R=8.31 T=temperature K
How to convert C to K (temp)?
K=273 + C
What is volume proportional to?
Moles
What is the equation for percentage yeild?
actual yeild/theoretical yeild x 100
What is the equation for atom economy?
Mr desired/mr all x 100
What are some environmental and economic benefits of high atom economy?
Avoiding waste
High sustainability
More profitable
High efficiency
What is an example of an acid test
Fizzing CaCO3 dissapears
How many orbiatls and electrons are in each subshell?
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
What shapes are the s and p orbitals?
s orbital - sphere
p orbital - dumbell
What are ionic compounds?
Salts:metal + non metal
How do you draw a dot and cross diagram for an ionic compound and what are their physical properties?
Square bracket with charge around ion
High melting point
soluble in water
conduct electricity in solution or when molten
What is an ionic bond?
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
How do you draw a dot and cross diagram for covalent compounds?
What are their physical properties?
Overlapping circles
Low melting point
not soluble in water
not conducting electricity
What is a covalent bond?
Strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared pair of electrons
What is a dative covalent bond?
Both electrons come from one atom
What is the shape of a molecule dependant on?
Number of electron pairs (bonds, lone pairs)
What is the name and bond angle of a central atom with 2 partners?
Linear
180
What is the name and bond angle of one central atom with 3 partners?
trigonal planar
120
What is the name and bond angle of one central atom with 4 partners?
Tetrahedral 109.5
draw straight line bonds next to eachother
What is the name and bond angle of one central atom with 3 partners and one lone pair?
Trigonal pyramidal 107
What is the name and bond angle of one central atom with 2 partners and 2 lone pairs?
bent/non linear 104.5
What is the name and bond angle of one central atom with 5 partners?
trigonal bipyramidal 120 and 90
What is the name and bod angle of one central atom with 6 partners?
octahedral 90
Define electronegativity
Ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
Define ionisation energy
energy required to remove one electron from one mole of gaseous atoms
When does a big jump occur?
when a new shell is broken into (closer to nucleus)
What is a permenant dipole permenant dipole
contain polar bonds due to different electronegativities
What are induced dipole dipole interactions: London forces
Non polar molecules contain no polar bonds
What are temporary/instantaneous dipoles dependant on?
Number of electrons
Surface area
points of contact
What is important to remember when drawing a hydrogen bond?
Write partial charges on top and draw H-bond as dotted line between H and lone pair of electrons
What are some anomalous properties of water?
High boiling point
Lower density than ice due to more H-bonds in liquid water
Lattice structure with more space;H bonds longer than covalent bonds
