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UP Manila > Module 4: Consciousness > Flashcards

Module 4: Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

____ is simply awareness of sensations, feelings, and thoughts at any given moment. It can be a memory, thought, feeling, or a combination of all these.

A

Consciousness

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2
Q

This type of consciousness is clear, organized, and alert.

A

waking consciousness

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3
Q

This type of consciousness occur when there is a shift in the pattern and quality of mental activity.

A

altered state of consciousness

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4
Q

What are the two types of thought-controlled processes?

A

Controlled thought processes (conscious attention) and Automatic thought processes (lower level of attention)

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5
Q

The sleep-wake cycle is determined by two key processes:

A

circadian rhythm and homeostasis

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6
Q

This is your body’s internal clock, which operates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. It’s influenced by external cues, such as light and darkness

A

Process C “Circadian Rhythm”

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7
Q

The circadian rhythm is controlled by an area of the brain called the ________, which is sensitive to light. In the morning, light sensed by your eyes triggers them to release hormones like _____ to help you wake up. At night, they signals the _______ to release ______, making you feel sleepy

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus; cortisol; pineal gland; melatonin

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8
Q

This process tracks your need for sleep (sleep pressure). The longer you’re awake, the stronger your need for sleep becomes.

A

Process S “Homeostatic Process”

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9
Q

__________ is responsible for creating sleep pressure or the urge to sleep.

A

Adenosine

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10
Q

During periods of wakefulness, adenosine builds up in the _____ and _____, and its levels decrease during sleep.

A

basal forebrain and cerebral cortex

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11
Q

The longer you stay awake, the more ___________ accumulates in your brain.

A

Adenosine

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12
Q

Your body requires approximately ___________ hours to eliminate 50% of the caffeine concentration.

A

5-7

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13
Q

The ___________ Theory of Sleep suggests that sleep is an evolutionary adaptation that keeps us safe from predators that are more active during the night.

A

Adaptive

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14
Q

The ___________ Theory of Sleep, on the other hand, proposes that sleep serves to restore and repair the body.

A

Restorative

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15
Q

During sleep, ___________ or changes in the brain’s neural structure are observed.

A

Plasticity

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16
Q

Sleep enhances ___________ connections in the brain.

A

Synaptic

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17
Q

Additionally, sleep also boosts our ability to ________.

A

Store memories

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18
Q

An _________, is a test that measures the electrical activity of your brain.

A

electroencephalogram, or EEG

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19
Q

When we are awake, our brain activity as shown in the electroencephalogram follows a ___________ wave pattern.

A

beta

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20
Q

As we start to feel sleepy, our brain wave patterns transition into larger ___________ waves.

A

alpha

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21
Q

As we begin to sleep, these waves give way to ___________ waves.

A

theta

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22
Q

When we are in deep sleep, our brain activity shows patterns that are referred to as ___________ waves.

A

delta

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23
Q

What is the term for the hallucinations some people experience during the N1 stage of sleep?

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations

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24
Q

What additional feature appears in the EEG graph during the N2 stage of sleep, indicating bursts of activity?

A

Sleep spindles

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25
Q

What physical process occurs during the N3 stage of sleep?

A

Physical growth

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26
Q

What phenomenon causes our brain to increase the amount of R sleep the next day if we spend little time in R sleep?

A

REM rebound

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27
Q

What is the term for the type of sleep that the R stage is also known as, due to its activated EEG that resembles waking activity?

A

Paradoxical sleep

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28
Q

True or False: The stages of sleep occur linearly, going from N1 to R, and then we wake up.

A

False

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29
Q

What are the functions of NREM Stages (Sleep Spindles)?

A

enhances retention of short-term memory to long-term memory
helps in sifting through relevant memory

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30
Q

What are the functions of REM Stages?

A

Overnight Therapy Theory (Mental Health)
REM Brain Connects Distantly-related Concepts (Creativity)

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31
Q

The more _____ during N2, the better the learning retention.

A

sleep spindles

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32
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A

mood reactivity
problems in memory and learning
risk of Alzheimer

33
Q

Sleep deprivation affects the ________ and ________, which can lead to heightened emotional responses.

A

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

34
Q

Without adequate sleep, the ________ cannot retain information effectively, impacting memory and learning.

A

hippocampus

35
Q

Sleep deprivation increases the risk of ________ disease by affecting glymphatic cells that clean up during NREM sleep, which is reduced in ________ patients.

A

Alzheimers

36
Q

________ cells (also known as glial cells) clean up during NREM sleep.

A

glymphatic cells

37
Q

The earliest theory that explains why we dream is that of ________.

A

Sigmund Freud

38
Q

According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, dreams are manifestations of the ________ and that they fulfill ________.

A

unconscious, wishes

39
Q

For Freud, a dream’s content can be understood as having a ________ content and a ________ content.

A

manifest, latent

40
Q

The ________ content consists of the events in the dream as they happened.

A

manifest

41
Q

The ________ content is the meaning behind the manifest content of your dream. That can be represented by symbols, such as persons or objects in the dream.

A

latent

42
Q

Some psychoanalytically-oriented therapists still use ________ interpretation in helping their clients achieve greater self-awareness.

A

dream

43
Q

According to the ________ Hypothesis, dreams start because of activity at the pons.

A

Activation-Synthesis

44
Q

The pons inhibits body movement and sends random signals to the ________ areas that are responsible for receiving sensory information.

A

cortical

45
Q

The brain receives pseudo-sensory information without any ________ source.

A

external

46
Q

The _____ is trying to make sense of these random signals and activities using whatever pieces of information that are stored in your brain.

A

cortex

47
Q

During dreaming, people do not have full access to ________ reality.

A

external

48
Q

The ________ cortex is less active during dreaming, which is why dreams feel surreal and they do not have logic or sequence to them.

A

frontal

49
Q

It is not the declarative events but
rather the ______ of the
day that predicts dream content

A

emotional tone

50
Q

The ________ areas of the brain light up to process visual and spatial information during dreams.

A

Visuospatial

51
Q

The ________ cortex still shows activity during sleep, even though movement is inhibited.

A

Motor

52
Q

The ________ and anterior cingulate cortex, which are linked to emotions, become active during dreams.

A

Amygdala

53
Q

The ________, which plays a role in memory, is also active during dreams, suggesting that dreams may involve memory processing.

A

Hippocampus

54
Q

The ________ cortex, associated with logical thought, is less active during dreams, which may explain the often illogical nature of dreams.

A

Prefrontal

55
Q

It is impossible to put a person under hypnosis if she or he does not ________ in and _____ to it.

A

believe, consent

56
Q

Hypnosis is a state of heightened ________.

A

suggestibility

57
Q

Whether or not you get hypnotized, depends on ________ and not on the person who does the hypnosis.

A

you

58
Q

The use of hypnosis in uncovering repressed ________ has been very controversial.

A

childhood trauma

58
Q

Hypnosis has been used in therapy to manage:

A

anxiety, pain, and cravings

59
Q

Hypnosis occurs due to two main theories:

A

Hidden Observer
Social-Cognitive Explanation

60
Q

________ are chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of those abilities.

A

Psychoactive drugs

61
Q

Taking psychoactive drugs is another way through which people can experience ______.

A

altered states of concsiousness

62
Q

Whether illegal or not, the excessive use of these drugs can result in _______.

A

dependence

63
Q

In turn, psychological and physical dependence on these drugs can lead to ______.

A

substance abuse

64
Q

______on a drug happens when the body cannot function properly without the ________.

A

Physical dependence

65
Q

Physical dependence occurs because the excessive and prolonged use of the drug has caused ________.

A

tolerance

66
Q

A person has developed tolerance when larger amounts of the drug are needed to reach the ________ effect.

A

same

67
Q

People also experience increased ________ symptoms, which make it even more difficult to shake off the habit.

A

withdrawal

68
Q

People are __________ dependent on a drug when they use it because they believe it’s necessary for them to feel good.

A

psychologically

69
Q

Psychological Dependence is the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of __________ well-being.

A

Emotional or psychological

70
Q

__________ are drugs that increase activity in the sympathetic and central nervous systems, leading to increased focus, attention, wakefulness, and alertness.

A

Stimulants

71
Q

Some examples of stimulant drugs include

A

amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine

72
Q

__________ are drugs that decrease activity in the nervous system.

A

Depressants

73
Q

Some examples of depressants include

A

tranquilizers, alcohol, and opiates

74
Q

__________ are drugs that affect our perception of sensory information.

A

Hallucinogens

75
Q

Some examples of hallucinogenic drugs include

A

LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), and marijuana

76
Q

The use of LSD, a very powerful hallucinogen, can lead to euphoria, expanded awareness, and intense perception of sensory information, which is often described as a

A

good trip

77
Q

Marijuana, another famous hallucinogen, has a relatively mild effect compared to LSD, with users reporting experiences of mild euphoria, relaxation, and

A

Distortion of time perception

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