Module 4: Consciousness Flashcards
____ is simply awareness of sensations, feelings, and thoughts at any given moment. It can be a memory, thought, feeling, or a combination of all these.
Consciousness
This type of consciousness is clear, organized, and alert.
waking consciousness
This type of consciousness occur when there is a shift in the pattern and quality of mental activity.
altered state of consciousness
What are the two types of thought-controlled processes?
Controlled thought processes (conscious attention) and Automatic thought processes (lower level of attention)
The sleep-wake cycle is determined by two key processes:
circadian rhythm and homeostasis
This is your body’s internal clock, which operates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. It’s influenced by external cues, such as light and darkness
Process C “Circadian Rhythm”
The circadian rhythm is controlled by an area of the brain called the ________, which is sensitive to light. In the morning, light sensed by your eyes triggers them to release hormones like _____ to help you wake up. At night, they signals the _______ to release ______, making you feel sleepy
suprachiasmatic nucleus; cortisol; pineal gland; melatonin
This process tracks your need for sleep (sleep pressure). The longer you’re awake, the stronger your need for sleep becomes.
Process S “Homeostatic Process”
__________ is responsible for creating sleep pressure or the urge to sleep.
Adenosine
During periods of wakefulness, adenosine builds up in the _____ and _____, and its levels decrease during sleep.
basal forebrain and cerebral cortex
The longer you stay awake, the more ___________ accumulates in your brain.
Adenosine
Your body requires approximately ___________ hours to eliminate 50% of the caffeine concentration.
5-7
The ___________ Theory of Sleep suggests that sleep is an evolutionary adaptation that keeps us safe from predators that are more active during the night.
Adaptive
The ___________ Theory of Sleep, on the other hand, proposes that sleep serves to restore and repair the body.
Restorative
During sleep, ___________ or changes in the brain’s neural structure are observed.
Plasticity
Sleep enhances ___________ connections in the brain.
Synaptic
Additionally, sleep also boosts our ability to ________.
Store memories
An _________, is a test that measures the electrical activity of your brain.
electroencephalogram, or EEG
When we are awake, our brain activity as shown in the electroencephalogram follows a ___________ wave pattern.
beta
As we start to feel sleepy, our brain wave patterns transition into larger ___________ waves.
alpha
As we begin to sleep, these waves give way to ___________ waves.
theta
When we are in deep sleep, our brain activity shows patterns that are referred to as ___________ waves.
delta
What is the term for the hallucinations some people experience during the N1 stage of sleep?
Hypnagogic hallucinations
What additional feature appears in the EEG graph during the N2 stage of sleep, indicating bursts of activity?
Sleep spindles
What physical process occurs during the N3 stage of sleep?
Physical growth
What phenomenon causes our brain to increase the amount of R sleep the next day if we spend little time in R sleep?
REM rebound
What is the term for the type of sleep that the R stage is also known as, due to its activated EEG that resembles waking activity?
Paradoxical sleep
True or False: The stages of sleep occur linearly, going from N1 to R, and then we wake up.
False
What are the functions of NREM Stages (Sleep Spindles)?
enhances retention of short-term memory to long-term memory
helps in sifting through relevant memory
What are the functions of REM Stages?
Overnight Therapy Theory (Mental Health)
REM Brain Connects Distantly-related Concepts (Creativity)
The more _____ during N2, the better the learning retention.
sleep spindles
What are the effects of sleep deprivation?
mood reactivity
problems in memory and learning
risk of Alzheimer
Sleep deprivation affects the ________ and ________, which can lead to heightened emotional responses.
amygdala; prefrontal cortex
Without adequate sleep, the ________ cannot retain information effectively, impacting memory and learning.
hippocampus
Sleep deprivation increases the risk of ________ disease by affecting glymphatic cells that clean up during NREM sleep, which is reduced in ________ patients.
Alzheimers
________ cells (also known as glial cells) clean up during NREM sleep.
glymphatic cells
The earliest theory that explains why we dream is that of ________.
Sigmund Freud
According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, dreams are manifestations of the ________ and that they fulfill ________.
unconscious, wishes
For Freud, a dream’s content can be understood as having a ________ content and a ________ content.
manifest, latent
The ________ content consists of the events in the dream as they happened.
manifest
The ________ content is the meaning behind the manifest content of your dream. That can be represented by symbols, such as persons or objects in the dream.
latent
Some psychoanalytically-oriented therapists still use ________ interpretation in helping their clients achieve greater self-awareness.
dream
According to the ________ Hypothesis, dreams start because of activity at the pons.
Activation-Synthesis
The pons inhibits body movement and sends random signals to the ________ areas that are responsible for receiving sensory information.
cortical
The brain receives pseudo-sensory information without any ________ source.
external
The _____ is trying to make sense of these random signals and activities using whatever pieces of information that are stored in your brain.
cortex
During dreaming, people do not have full access to ________ reality.
external
The ________ cortex is less active during dreaming, which is why dreams feel surreal and they do not have logic or sequence to them.
frontal
It is not the declarative events but
rather the ______ of the
day that predicts dream content
emotional tone
The ________ areas of the brain light up to process visual and spatial information during dreams.
Visuospatial
The ________ cortex still shows activity during sleep, even though movement is inhibited.
Motor
The ________ and anterior cingulate cortex, which are linked to emotions, become active during dreams.
Amygdala
The ________, which plays a role in memory, is also active during dreams, suggesting that dreams may involve memory processing.
Hippocampus
The ________ cortex, associated with logical thought, is less active during dreams, which may explain the often illogical nature of dreams.
Prefrontal
It is impossible to put a person under hypnosis if she or he does not ________ in and _____ to it.
believe, consent
Hypnosis is a state of heightened ________.
suggestibility
Whether or not you get hypnotized, depends on ________ and not on the person who does the hypnosis.
you
The use of hypnosis in uncovering repressed ________ has been very controversial.
childhood trauma
Hypnosis has been used in therapy to manage:
anxiety, pain, and cravings
Hypnosis occurs due to two main theories:
Hidden Observer
Social-Cognitive Explanation
________ are chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of those abilities.
Psychoactive drugs
Taking psychoactive drugs is another way through which people can experience ______.
altered states of concsiousness
Whether illegal or not, the excessive use of these drugs can result in _______.
dependence
In turn, psychological and physical dependence on these drugs can lead to ______.
substance abuse
______on a drug happens when the body cannot function properly without the ________.
Physical dependence
Physical dependence occurs because the excessive and prolonged use of the drug has caused ________.
tolerance
A person has developed tolerance when larger amounts of the drug are needed to reach the ________ effect.
same
People also experience increased ________ symptoms, which make it even more difficult to shake off the habit.
withdrawal
People are __________ dependent on a drug when they use it because they believe it’s necessary for them to feel good.
psychologically
Psychological Dependence is the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of __________ well-being.
Emotional or psychological
__________ are drugs that increase activity in the sympathetic and central nervous systems, leading to increased focus, attention, wakefulness, and alertness.
Stimulants
Some examples of stimulant drugs include
amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine
__________ are drugs that decrease activity in the nervous system.
Depressants
Some examples of depressants include
tranquilizers, alcohol, and opiates
__________ are drugs that affect our perception of sensory information.
Hallucinogens
Some examples of hallucinogenic drugs include
LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), and marijuana
The use of LSD, a very powerful hallucinogen, can lead to euphoria, expanded awareness, and intense perception of sensory information, which is often described as a
good trip
Marijuana, another famous hallucinogen, has a relatively mild effect compared to LSD, with users reporting experiences of mild euphoria, relaxation, and
Distortion of time perception
