Module 2: Psychology and the Human Body Flashcards
A _____ is a nerve cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
Neuron
How many neurons does the brain contains?
85-86 billion
_____ is the area where neurons receive most of their information.
Dendrites
In the dendrites, there are receptors that are designed to pick up signals from other neurons that come in the form of chemicals called _______.
neurotransmitters
_____, or cell body keeps the neuron alive and takes the information from the dendrites.
Soma
What area does the soma puts all the information together?
Axon hillock
In the axon hillock, if the signal is strong enough then a signal is sent to the _____ in which it carries and transmits the information to other parts of the cell.
axon
The signal that is sent to the axon is called a _____.
action potential
_____ is a fatty layer that wraps around the axon of the neuron. This insulatory material helps prevent the signal from degrading.
Myelin sheath
Myelin is type of _____ called _____in the CNS and _____ in the PNS.
glial cells; oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
______ also called as support cells as they serves to protect the neurons as they heal and reconnect and help clean up after dead neurons.
Myelin sheath
These terminals contains synaptic vesicles that serve as a holding station for neurotransmitters before they are released into the synapse to be received by the next neuron.
Axon terminals
This is the space between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another.
Synapse
The movement of charged particles across the membrane of the cell is mostly of ______.
positively charged ions
In the resting potential, there’s a high concentration of sodium ions (NA+) ______ of the cell membrane and also a high concentration of potassium ions (K+) ______ of the cell membrane.
outside; inside
What is the overall negative internal charge in resting potential?
-70 mV
Resting is the point where the cell has achieved ______.
electrochemical equilibrium
What are the two forces that contributes to electrochemical equilibrium?
concentration gradient and electrical gradient
What type of force is being describe: Since K+ ions are positively charged, they are attracted to the negatively charged inside of the neuron.
Electrical gradient
What type of force is being describe: K+ ions naturally want to move down, from an area of high concentration (inside the neuron) to an area of low concentration (outside the neuron).
Concentration gradient
This is the beginning of an impulse.
Depolarization
How does the depolarization begin?
If a stimulus such as neurotransmitter or sensory input triggers it.
What gate is open during depolarization?
Voltage-gated sodium channel
During depolarization, which is positive and which is negative?
Inside is positive while outside is negative
What is the membrane potential (mV) during depolarization?
-70 mV up to +40 mV
What is the certain threshold for action potential?
-55 mV or more
During this phase, voltage-gated potassium channels will open and allow them to flow out of the cell.
Repolarization
During repolarization, which is positive and which is negative?
Outside is positive while inside is negative
During this period, a stimuli would be less responsive because of electrochemical gradient.
Refractory Period
How can the refractory period return to resting potential?
Sodium-potassium pump
Because of the refractory period where sodium ions will not flow out of the cell by diffusion, action potentials can only move in _____.
one direction
Once the signal reaches axon terminals, _____ open up and release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
synaptic vesicles
___ is the gap between the axon terminal and the dendrite of the next neuron.
Synapse
Synapse comes from the Greek word which means _______.
to clasp or to join
This is the root of many psychiatric disorders
Synapse
What are the two types of synapses?
Electrical Synapse
Chemical Synapse
These synapses usually happen in gap junctions, less common but are super fast and the signal transmission can be bidirectional.
Electrical Synapses
These synapses are much more abundant but slower. They are more precise and selective in what messages to send.
Chemical synapses
Chemical synapses uses ____ that diffuse across a synaptic gap to deliver their message.
neurotransmitters
This is a process where synaptic connections in the brain become stronger with frequent activation.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
LTP could be the result of 3 methods:
Potentiation
Habituation
Sensitization
Strengthening of synapse through classic conditioning
Potentiation
Synapse decrease in response to common stimulus
Habituation
Reaction to one stimulus causes other synapses to be more sensitive to reaction
Sensitization
In chemical synapse, the cell that is sending the signal transmit through ______.
presynaptic neuron
Presynaptic terminal holds tiny _____ sacs loaded with neurotransmitter.
synaptic vesicle
In chemical synapse, this is the receiving cell that accepts neurotransmitters in its receptor region.
postsynaptic neuron
In presynaptic terminal, _____ is activated to release in cytoplasm.
voltage-gated calcium
This neurotransmitter effect initiates action potential
Excitatory
This neurotransmitter effect prevents action potential
Inhibitory
Neurotransmitter substances can either be ______; magnifies effect or ______; blocks effect
agonist; antagonist
The _____ consists of our brain and the spinal cord.
Central nervous system
The ____ consists of nerves and neurons scattered in the body except brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system
The ____ connects the brain to the peripheral nervous sytem.
spinal cord
_____ - senses to spinal cords
_____ - spinal cord to muscle and glands
_____ - between neurons
afferent neurons; efferent neurons; interneuron
This system controls the voluntary movement, senses, as well as connections to our organs such as the heart and lungs.
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system can be divided into two parts:
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
This system consists of neurons that are associated with skeletal or striated muscle fibers and influence voluntary movements of the body.
Somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system consists of:
Afferent/Sensory Pathway
Efferent/Motor Pathway
This pathway came from our sensory organs (ex. skin) to the central nervous system.
Afferent/Sensory Pathway
This pathway carries information from the central nervous system to the voluntary musculoskeletal parts our bodies.
Efferent/Motor Pathway
Upper motor neurons is located in _____ and extend towards the brain and spinal cord, where they synapse.
cerebral cortex
____ is a neurotransmitter in the upper motor neurons
glutamate
Lower motor neurons is located in _____ and ______ to muscles and glands.
brainstem (cranial nerve); spinal cord (anterior horn)
______ is the neurotransmitter in the lower motor neurons.
Acetylcholine
This part of our nervous system is responsible for automatic movement. These are involuntary and unconsciously happening.
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two:
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
What are the function of the ANS?
restore the body back to normal after a stressor
daily normal functioning of breathing
heartbeat
_____ is a stress response; prepares the body for fight or flight
Sympathetic nervous system
In sympathetic nervous system, it increases the conversion of ______ to _____
glycogen; glucose
Sympathetic nervous system originates in the _____.
thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
This system restores body to normal functioning after stress and manages day-to-day physiological processes.
Parasympathetic nervous system
In parasympathetic nervous system, it increases _____ and ______.
mucus production; urine secretion
Parasympathetic nervous system originated in the ______.
sacral region of spinal cord and the medulla
This system produces hormones which flows through the bloodstream that affects the muscles, organs, and glands.
Endocrine System
Our hormones control and regulate:
reproduction
metabolism and energy balance
growth and development
body defenses
general homeostasis
Hormones came from the Greek word for _____.
to excite or arouse
This is the chain reaction of hormones (ex. HPa)
Hormonal cascade
a ____ is a structure that makes and secretes a hormone.
gland
the master gland is the ______.
pituitary gland
This gland produces many hormones that signals other glands- like thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands to make their own hormones.
Pituitary gland
A hormone can only target a reaction in _____.
target cell
Most hormones are either made of _____ or _____.
amino acids; lipids
This is important because a cell membrane are made of lipids.
Solubility
The ____ is the organ in our body that receives information from our senses, processes them and sends out commands.
Brain
This part of the brain involves planning and decision-making.
Corticol
This part of the brain involvese emotion and motivation.
Subcortical
The brain can be divided into 3 main parts:
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
This is the lowest part of our brain which maintains functions as breathing and heartbeat.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain is composed of:
medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum
This is a stalk that leaves the base of the brain and connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Brain stem
The brain stem contains nuclei for ____ and _____.
survival; cognitive function
The brainstem is consists of 3 major divisions:
medulla oblongata, pons, modbrain
This connects the brainstem to the spinal cord that is essential for vital functions (cardiovascular and respiratory), responsible for reflexive actions (vomit, swallow, cough, sneeze), and where several cranial nerves exit.
medulla oblongata
____ means ‘bridge’ in Latin because it connects the medulla and the midbrain.
Pons
Pons is a home to nuclei for cranial nerves that deals with _____ from the head and face, ______ of the eyes, face and mouth, hearing, equillibrium, and _____ like tear and saliva production.
sensations; motor movement; autonomic functions
This part of the midbrain control the processing of eye movement and visual processing.
superior colliculi
This part of the midbrain control auditory processing.
Inferior colliculi
This part of the midbrain controls the coordination of movement as well as suppression of pain.
Tegmentum
This part of the midbrain consists of bundles of nerves that form the connection between the brain stem and the forebrain
Cerebral penducles
This is a major-dopamine producing nuclei of the brain that is responsible for motivation and reward.
Ventral tegmental
This is a basal ganglia which is a major-dopamine producing nuclei of the brain that is responsible for movement.
substantia nigra
Damage to the midbrain is related to conditions such as:
Parkinson’s Disease, ADHD, Schizoprenia
This is located at the back of the cortex which are responsible for processing visual information.
Occipital Lobes
This is located above the occipital lobe that contains somatosensory cortex.
Parietal Lobes
This processes information from our sensations as well as body perceptions.
Somatosensory cortex
Music and sounds are processed in this part. It contains primary auditory cortex and primary auditory association area.
Temporal Lobes
The ___ temporal lobe is also responsible for ___.
This area in the temporal lobe is responsible for the comprehension of language.
Wernicke’s area
This is where decision-making, personality, planning and self-regulation is processed.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is also where ___ is located which controls voluntary movement.
motor cortex
