Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UP Manila > Module 2: Psychology and the Human Body > Flashcards

Module 2: Psychology and the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

A _____ is a nerve cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.

A

Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many neurons does the brain contains?

A

85-86 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ is the area where neurons receive most of their information.

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the dendrites, there are receptors that are designed to pick up signals from other neurons that come in the form of chemicals called _______.

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____, or cell body keeps the neuron alive and takes the information from the dendrites.

A

Soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What area does the soma puts all the information together?

A

Axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the axon hillock, if the signal is strong enough then a signal is sent to the _____ in which it carries and transmits the information to other parts of the cell.

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The signal that is sent to the axon is called a _____.

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____ is a fatty layer that wraps around the axon of the neuron. This insulatory material helps prevent the signal from degrading.

A

Myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Myelin is type of _____ called _____in the CNS and _____ in the PNS.

A

glial cells; oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

______ also called as support cells as they serves to protect the neurons as they heal and reconnect and help clean up after dead neurons.

A

Myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

These terminals contains synaptic vesicles that serve as a holding station for neurotransmitters before they are released into the synapse to be received by the next neuron.

A

Axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

This is the space between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another.

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The movement of charged particles across the membrane of the cell is mostly of ______.

A

positively charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the resting potential, there’s a high concentration of sodium ions (NA+) ______ of the cell membrane and also a high concentration of potassium ions (K+) ______ of the cell membrane.

A

outside; inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the overall negative internal charge in resting potential?

A

-70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Resting is the point where the cell has achieved ______.

A

electrochemical equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two forces that contributes to electrochemical equilibrium?

A

concentration gradient and electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of force is being describe: Since K+ ions are positively charged, they are attracted to the negatively charged inside of the neuron.

A

Electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of force is being describe: K+ ions naturally want to move down, from an area of high concentration (inside the neuron) to an area of low concentration (outside the neuron).

A

Concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This is the beginning of an impulse.

A

Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does the depolarization begin?

A

If a stimulus such as neurotransmitter or sensory input triggers it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What gate is open during depolarization?

A

Voltage-gated sodium channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

During depolarization, which is positive and which is negative?

A

Inside is positive while outside is negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the membrane potential (mV) during depolarization?

A

-70 mV up to +40 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the certain threshold for action potential?

A

-55 mV or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

During this phase, voltage-gated potassium channels will open and allow them to flow out of the cell.

A

Repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

During repolarization, which is positive and which is negative?

A

Outside is positive while inside is negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

During this period, a stimuli would be less responsive because of electrochemical gradient.

A

Refractory Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can the refractory period return to resting potential?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Because of the refractory period where sodium ions will not flow out of the cell by diffusion, action potentials can only move in _____.

A

one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Once the signal reaches axon terminals, _____ open up and release neurotransmitters into the synapse.

A

synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

___ is the gap between the axon terminal and the dendrite of the next neuron.

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Synapse comes from the Greek word which means _______.

A

to clasp or to join

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

This is the root of many psychiatric disorders

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical Synapse
Chemical Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

These synapses usually happen in gap junctions, less common but are super fast and the signal transmission can be bidirectional.

A

Electrical Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

These synapses are much more abundant but slower. They are more precise and selective in what messages to send.

A

Chemical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Chemical synapses uses ____ that diffuse across a synaptic gap to deliver their message.

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

This is a process where synaptic connections in the brain become stronger with frequent activation.

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

LTP could be the result of 3 methods:

A

Potentiation
Habituation
Sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Strengthening of synapse through classic conditioning

A

Potentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Synapse decrease in response to common stimulus

A

Habituation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Reaction to one stimulus causes other synapses to be more sensitive to reaction

A

Sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In chemical synapse, the cell that is sending the signal transmit through ______.

A

presynaptic neuron

46
Q

Presynaptic terminal holds tiny _____ sacs loaded with neurotransmitter.

A

synaptic vesicle

47
Q

In chemical synapse, this is the receiving cell that accepts neurotransmitters in its receptor region.

A

postsynaptic neuron

48
Q

In presynaptic terminal, _____ is activated to release in cytoplasm.

A

voltage-gated calcium

49
Q

This neurotransmitter effect initiates action potential

A

Excitatory

50
Q

This neurotransmitter effect prevents action potential

A

Inhibitory

51
Q

Neurotransmitter substances can either be ______; magnifies effect or ______; blocks effect

A

agonist; antagonist

52
Q

The _____ consists of our brain and the spinal cord.

A

Central nervous system

53
Q

The ____ consists of nerves and neurons scattered in the body except brain and spinal cord.

A

Peripheral nervous system

54
Q

The ____ connects the brain to the peripheral nervous sytem.

A

spinal cord

55
Q

_____ - senses to spinal cords
_____ - spinal cord to muscle and glands
_____ - between neurons

A

afferent neurons; efferent neurons; interneuron

56
Q

This system controls the voluntary movement, senses, as well as connections to our organs such as the heart and lungs.

A

Peripheral nervous system

57
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into two parts:

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

58
Q

This system consists of neurons that are associated with skeletal or striated muscle fibers and influence voluntary movements of the body.

A

Somatic nervous system

59
Q

The somatic nervous system consists of:

A

Afferent/Sensory Pathway
Efferent/Motor Pathway

60
Q

This pathway came from our sensory organs (ex. skin) to the central nervous system.

A

Afferent/Sensory Pathway

61
Q

This pathway carries information from the central nervous system to the voluntary musculoskeletal parts our bodies.

A

Efferent/Motor Pathway

62
Q

Upper motor neurons is located in _____ and extend towards the brain and spinal cord, where they synapse.

A

cerebral cortex

63
Q

____ is a neurotransmitter in the upper motor neurons

A

glutamate

64
Q

Lower motor neurons is located in _____ and ______ to muscles and glands.

A

brainstem (cranial nerve); spinal cord (anterior horn)

65
Q

______ is the neurotransmitter in the lower motor neurons.

A

Acetylcholine

66
Q

This part of our nervous system is responsible for automatic movement. These are involuntary and unconsciously happening.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

67
Q

Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two:

A

Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system

68
Q

What are the function of the ANS?

A

restore the body back to normal after a stressor
daily normal functioning of breathing
heartbeat

69
Q

_____ is a stress response; prepares the body for fight or flight

A

Sympathetic nervous system

69
Q

In sympathetic nervous system, it increases the conversion of ______ to _____

A

glycogen; glucose

70
Q

Sympathetic nervous system originates in the _____.

A

thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

71
Q

This system restores body to normal functioning after stress and manages day-to-day physiological processes.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

72
Q

In parasympathetic nervous system, it increases _____ and ______.

A

mucus production; urine secretion

73
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system originated in the ______.

A

sacral region of spinal cord and the medulla

74
Q

This system produces hormones which flows through the bloodstream that affects the muscles, organs, and glands.

A

Endocrine System

75
Q

Our hormones control and regulate:

A

reproduction
metabolism and energy balance
growth and development
body defenses
general homeostasis

76
Q

Hormones came from the Greek word for _____.

A

to excite or arouse

77
Q

This is the chain reaction of hormones (ex. HPa)

A

Hormonal cascade

78
Q

a ____ is a structure that makes and secretes a hormone.

A

gland

79
Q

the master gland is the ______.

A

pituitary gland

80
Q

This gland produces many hormones that signals other glands- like thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands to make their own hormones.

A

Pituitary gland

81
Q

A hormone can only target a reaction in _____.

A

target cell

82
Q

Most hormones are either made of _____ or _____.

A

amino acids; lipids

83
Q

This is important because a cell membrane are made of lipids.

A

Solubility

84
Q

The ____ is the organ in our body that receives information from our senses, processes them and sends out commands.

A

Brain

85
Q

This part of the brain involves planning and decision-making.

A

Corticol

86
Q

This part of the brain involvese emotion and motivation.

A

Subcortical

87
Q

The brain can be divided into 3 main parts:

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

88
Q

This is the lowest part of our brain which maintains functions as breathing and heartbeat.

A

Hindbrain

89
Q

The hindbrain is composed of:

A

medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum

90
Q

This is a stalk that leaves the base of the brain and connects the brain to the spinal cord.

A

Brain stem

91
Q

The brain stem contains nuclei for ____ and _____.

A

survival; cognitive function

92
Q

The brainstem is consists of 3 major divisions:

A

medulla oblongata, pons, modbrain

93
Q

This connects the brainstem to the spinal cord that is essential for vital functions (cardiovascular and respiratory), responsible for reflexive actions (vomit, swallow, cough, sneeze), and where several cranial nerves exit.

A

medulla oblongata

94
Q

____ means ‘bridge’ in Latin because it connects the medulla and the midbrain.

A

Pons

95
Q

Pons is a home to nuclei for cranial nerves that deals with _____ from the head and face, ______ of the eyes, face and mouth, hearing, equillibrium, and _____ like tear and saliva production.

A

sensations; motor movement; autonomic functions

96
Q

This part of the midbrain control the processing of eye movement and visual processing.

A

superior colliculi

97
Q

This part of the midbrain control auditory processing.

A

Inferior colliculi

98
Q

This part of the midbrain controls the coordination of movement as well as suppression of pain.

A

Tegmentum

99
Q

This part of the midbrain consists of bundles of nerves that form the connection between the brain stem and the forebrain

A

Cerebral penducles

100
Q

This is a major-dopamine producing nuclei of the brain that is responsible for motivation and reward.

A

Ventral tegmental

101
Q

This is a basal ganglia which is a major-dopamine producing nuclei of the brain that is responsible for movement.

A

substantia nigra

102
Q

Damage to the midbrain is related to conditions such as:

A

Parkinson’s Disease, ADHD, Schizoprenia

103
Q

This is located at the back of the cortex which are responsible for processing visual information.

A

Occipital Lobes

104
Q

This is located above the occipital lobe that contains somatosensory cortex.

A

Parietal Lobes

105
Q

This processes information from our sensations as well as body perceptions.

A

Somatosensory cortex

106
Q

Music and sounds are processed in this part. It contains primary auditory cortex and primary auditory association area.

A

Temporal Lobes

107
Q

The ___ temporal lobe is also responsible for ___.

A
108
Q

This area in the temporal lobe is responsible for the comprehension of language.

A

Wernicke’s area

109
Q

This is where decision-making, personality, planning and self-regulation is processed.

A

Frontal lobe

110
Q

The frontal lobe is also where ___ is located which controls voluntary movement.

A

motor cortex

UP Manila (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions