Module 1: Psychology as a Science Flashcards
Psychology is seen as the field of study that has the power to unlock what people want but cannot do. This it to ________.
read minds
However, it does not specifically read mins but it does allow you to _______?
to understand your own and other people’s mind
Where does the knowledge of psychology came from?
theory-building and research
Knowledge in psychology will give us clues and signposts on the nature of the _____ and _____.
human mind; behavior
What are the two antecedents of psychology?
Philosophy and Medicine
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes (or human mind)
Psychology
Mind:______ & Behavior:________ (explain)
mind: covert (internal); behavior: overt (external)
Psychology stems from the greek word _____ which means ____ or _____
psyche; human soul or vital breath
How many years old is psychology?
138 (relatively young science
During this time, there is a quest for understanding the human mind
time of Plato and Socrates
French philosopher and mathematician whom questioned the nature of reality and human consciousness
Rene Descartes
This states that the mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and therefore, the rest of the body.
Mind-Body Problem (Dualism) vs Monoism
This problem states that “Are you really free to choose or are your choices determined by causes?”
Free Will vs. Determinism
This problem tackles about the contribution of genetics versus environmental factors to human development
Nature versus Nurture
In the field of medicine, _____ and ______ are both physicians and philosophers who lived during Ancient Greek and Roman Empire who proposed an early hypothesis of _______
Hippocrates and Galen; individual differences
______ is a theory that a person’s temperament or personality depends on which fluid is in ecess in one’s body.
Theory of humors
black bile =
blood =
phlegm =
yellow bile =
black bile = melancholic
blood = sanguine
phlegmatic = phlegmatic
yellow bile = choleric
He is the Father of Psychology and also the first who coined the said term
Willhelm Wundt
Wundt is a medical doctor turned physiologist who is interested in _______
sensory experiences
Wundt also attempted to study _____ using scientific method.
human consciousness
Wundt believed that human consciousness/experiences can be _________.
broken down into elements such as sensation and feelings
What are the cornerstones of Wundt’s scientific method (in human consciousness)?
Measurement and objectivity
In conducting his experiment (scientific method), what process did Wundt utilized?
objective introspection
He is Wundt’s student who also believed that consciousness could also be broken down into parts.
Edward B. Titchener
Titchener founded ______, considered first school of thought in psychology.
Structuralism
Structuralism attempts to describe the _______ such as _____,______, and _____.
structures that composed the mind; feelings, sensations, images
He is the Father of American Psychology, an instructor at Harvard University where the first psychology courses were taught in the 1870’s.
William James
In contrast to Wundt and Titchener, James did not believe that consciousness could be broken down into elements just yet. He thought that consciousness is always in a _______ and _____.
flux of movement; flow
This perspective focused on the function and purpose of the mind since it is difficult to capture constancies/structures in consciousness.
Functionalism
Early psychologists were more concerned with studying ______, rather than personality.
perception
He was among the first to study human intelligence.
Francis Galton (Darwin’s cousin)
Galton wanted to see if individual differences could be traced to _____.
heredity
Galton also measured intelligence using _____ and ______.
simple sensory; motor activities
This is the field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes. Also the movement towards a more scientific approach.
Behaviorism
What are the three influential approaches in psychology?
Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism
This theory focuses on “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”
Gestalt
Gestalt is advocated by _____, an Austro-Hungarian psychologists.
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt disagrees with the _____, rather it emphasizes the ability of the mid to _____ and ________.
structuralism; sense and perceive in wholes
Gestalt extended beyond studies of sensation and perception into_____.
psychotherapy
This theory emphasized the influence of unconsciousness and early childhood experiences in personality
Psychoanalysis
Before he started as a psychologist, he was a physician who worked with patients who experienced unexplained medical problems.
Sigmund Freud
This is the part of psyche where repressed urges and desires resides.
unconscious
This theory states that who we are is a product of the interaction between the environment (stimulus) and behavior (response).
Behaviorism
Unlike other approach/es, behaviorism does not mention _____.
consciousness
What are the seven modern approaches in psychology
psychodynamic
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
socio-cultural
biopsychological
evolutionary
This perspective centers on the influence of early childhood experiences, social & interpersonal relationships, development of self, and unconscious influences
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic perspective evolved out of the work pioneered by ______.
Sigmund Freud
This perspective places emphasis on the importance of learning in shaping the human mind and behavior and the influence of consequence on human behavior.
Behavioral Perspective
The Behavioral Perspective focuses on the role of the _____ in influencing behavior.
environment
Behavioral perspective is applied in practice to encourage healthy behavior in people through _______ or _______.
reinforcement; positive consequences
Unlike the old behavioral perspective, the newer one recognizes the role of _______ and ______ in shaping behavior.
thoughts; emotions
This perspective is developed partly as a reaction against the ideas of psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It focuses on the individual’s free will and ability for self-determination.
Humanistic Perspective
Humanistic perspective believes in _______.
human agency; capacity of humans to take control
This perspective focuses on memory, intelligence, thought processes, and problem solving.
Cognitive Perspective
This perspective emphasizes the importance of context on the human mind and behavior. This includes the influence of social context, or the actual or imagine presence of others on behavior, cultural similarity and differences.
Sociocultural Perspective
Sociocultural perspective merges two fields in psychology, _______ and ______.
social psychology; cultural psychology
This perspective looks at the role of hormones, genes, neurotransmitters, and neural activity on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Biophysiological Perspective
This perspective views human mind and behavior developed out of natural selection as a means of survival and reproduction.
Evolutionary Perspective
According to Ciccareli, the goal of psychology is to _______.
uncover the mysteries of human and animal behavior
Any research and theory-building in psychology seek to do the following:
Describe
Explain
Predict
Control
This is a system of gathering data that avoids bias and error in measurement.
Scientific Method
What are the five steps in conducting the scientific method?
Perceiving the question
Forming the hypothesis
Testing the hypothesis
Drawing conclusion
Reporting the results
What are the three kinds of psychological research according to design?
Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental
This aims to describe the phenomenon of interest and can either be qualitative or quantitative.
Descriptive
What are the different data collection methods for a descriptive research design?
Observation
Case studies
Survey
Interview
In observation method:
_____:natural setting & _______:controlled environment
naturalistic; laboratory
This data method is the in-depth focus or analysis of a single case.
Case studies
This data method is a set of series of questions that participant answer. This is useful for gathering data on thoughts and feelings.
Survey
This data method involves asking a series of open-ended question to explore the participants thought and feelings in depth.
Interview
This research design is used to determine quantitative relationships between two or more variable.
Correlational
What are the two methods in data gathering for correlational?
Observation and Survey
In correlational, the relationship can be describe according to its _____ and _____.
magnitude and direction
_______:same direction _______:opposite direction
positive correlation; negative correlation
Correlation does not indicate ______.
causation
This research design aims to determine causal relationships.
Experimental
