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UP Manila > Module 1: Psychology as a Science > Flashcards

Module 1: Psychology as a Science Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology is seen as the field of study that has the power to unlock what people want but cannot do. This it to ________.

A

read minds

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2
Q

However, it does not specifically read mins but it does allow you to _______?

A

to understand your own and other people’s mind

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3
Q

Where does the knowledge of psychology came from?

A

theory-building and research

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4
Q

Knowledge in psychology will give us clues and signposts on the nature of the _____ and _____.

A

human mind; behavior

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5
Q

What are the two antecedents of psychology?

A

Philosophy and Medicine

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6
Q

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes (or human mind)

A

Psychology

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7
Q

Mind:______ & Behavior:________ (explain)

A

mind: covert (internal); behavior: overt (external)

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8
Q

Psychology stems from the greek word _____ which means ____ or _____

A

psyche; human soul or vital breath

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9
Q

How many years old is psychology?

A

138 (relatively young science

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10
Q

During this time, there is a quest for understanding the human mind

A

time of Plato and Socrates

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11
Q

French philosopher and mathematician whom questioned the nature of reality and human consciousness

A

Rene Descartes

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12
Q

This states that the mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and therefore, the rest of the body.

A

Mind-Body Problem (Dualism) vs Monoism

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13
Q

This problem states that “Are you really free to choose or are your choices determined by causes?”

A

Free Will vs. Determinism

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14
Q

This problem tackles about the contribution of genetics versus environmental factors to human development

A

Nature versus Nurture

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15
Q

In the field of medicine, _____ and ______ are both physicians and philosophers who lived during Ancient Greek and Roman Empire who proposed an early hypothesis of _______

A

Hippocrates and Galen; individual differences

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16
Q

______ is a theory that a person’s temperament or personality depends on which fluid is in ecess in one’s body.

A

Theory of humors

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17
Q

black bile =
blood =
phlegm =
yellow bile =

A

black bile = melancholic
blood = sanguine
phlegmatic = phlegmatic
yellow bile = choleric

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18
Q

He is the Father of Psychology and also the first who coined the said term

A

Willhelm Wundt

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19
Q

Wundt is a medical doctor turned physiologist who is interested in _______

A

sensory experiences

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20
Q

Wundt also attempted to study _____ using scientific method.

A

human consciousness

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21
Q

Wundt believed that human consciousness/experiences can be _________.

A

broken down into elements such as sensation and feelings

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22
Q

What are the cornerstones of Wundt’s scientific method (in human consciousness)?

A

Measurement and objectivity

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23
Q

In conducting his experiment (scientific method), what process did Wundt utilized?

A

objective introspection

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24
Q

He is Wundt’s student who also believed that consciousness could also be broken down into parts.

A

Edward B. Titchener

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25
Q

Titchener founded ______, considered first school of thought in psychology.

A

Structuralism

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26
Q

Structuralism attempts to describe the _______ such as _____,______, and _____.

A

structures that composed the mind; feelings, sensations, images

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27
Q

He is the Father of American Psychology, an instructor at Harvard University where the first psychology courses were taught in the 1870’s.

A

William James

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28
Q

In contrast to Wundt and Titchener, James did not believe that consciousness could be broken down into elements just yet. He thought that consciousness is always in a _______ and _____.

A

flux of movement; flow

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29
Q

This perspective focused on the function and purpose of the mind since it is difficult to capture constancies/structures in consciousness.

A

Functionalism

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30
Q

Early psychologists were more concerned with studying ______, rather than personality.

A

perception

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31
Q

He was among the first to study human intelligence.

A

Francis Galton (Darwin’s cousin)

32
Q

Galton wanted to see if individual differences could be traced to _____.

A

heredity

33
Q

Galton also measured intelligence using _____ and ______.

A

simple sensory; motor activities

34
Q

This is the field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes. Also the movement towards a more scientific approach.

A

Behaviorism

35
Q

What are the three influential approaches in psychology?

A

Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism

36
Q

This theory focuses on “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

A

Gestalt

37
Q

Gestalt is advocated by _____, an Austro-Hungarian psychologists.

A

Max Wertheimer

38
Q

Gestalt disagrees with the _____, rather it emphasizes the ability of the mid to _____ and ________.

A

structuralism; sense and perceive in wholes

39
Q

Gestalt extended beyond studies of sensation and perception into_____.

A

psychotherapy

40
Q

This theory emphasized the influence of unconsciousness and early childhood experiences in personality

A

Psychoanalysis

41
Q

Before he started as a psychologist, he was a physician who worked with patients who experienced unexplained medical problems.

A

Sigmund Freud

42
Q

This is the part of psyche where repressed urges and desires resides.

A

unconscious

43
Q

This theory states that who we are is a product of the interaction between the environment (stimulus) and behavior (response).

A

Behaviorism

44
Q

Unlike other approach/es, behaviorism does not mention _____.

A

consciousness

45
Q

What are the seven modern approaches in psychology

A

psychodynamic
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
socio-cultural
biopsychological
evolutionary

46
Q

This perspective centers on the influence of early childhood experiences, social & interpersonal relationships, development of self, and unconscious influences

A

Psychodynamic Perspective

47
Q

Psychodynamic perspective evolved out of the work pioneered by ______.

A

Sigmund Freud

48
Q

This perspective places emphasis on the importance of learning in shaping the human mind and behavior and the influence of consequence on human behavior.

A

Behavioral Perspective

49
Q

The Behavioral Perspective focuses on the role of the _____ in influencing behavior.

A

environment

50
Q

Behavioral perspective is applied in practice to encourage healthy behavior in people through _______ or _______.

A

reinforcement; positive consequences

51
Q

Unlike the old behavioral perspective, the newer one recognizes the role of _______ and ______ in shaping behavior.

A

thoughts; emotions

52
Q

This perspective is developed partly as a reaction against the ideas of psychoanalysis and behaviorism. It focuses on the individual’s free will and ability for self-determination.

A

Humanistic Perspective

53
Q

Humanistic perspective believes in _______.

A

human agency; capacity of humans to take control

54
Q

This perspective focuses on memory, intelligence, thought processes, and problem solving.

A

Cognitive Perspective

55
Q
A
55
Q

This perspective emphasizes the importance of context on the human mind and behavior. This includes the influence of social context, or the actual or imagine presence of others on behavior, cultural similarity and differences.

A

Sociocultural Perspective

56
Q

Sociocultural perspective merges two fields in psychology, _______ and ______.

A

social psychology; cultural psychology

57
Q

This perspective looks at the role of hormones, genes, neurotransmitters, and neural activity on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

A

Biophysiological Perspective

58
Q

This perspective views human mind and behavior developed out of natural selection as a means of survival and reproduction.

A

Evolutionary Perspective

59
Q

According to Ciccareli, the goal of psychology is to _______.

A

uncover the mysteries of human and animal behavior

60
Q

Any research and theory-building in psychology seek to do the following:

A

Describe
Explain
Predict
Control

61
Q

This is a system of gathering data that avoids bias and error in measurement.

A

Scientific Method

62
Q

What are the five steps in conducting the scientific method?

A

Perceiving the question
Forming the hypothesis
Testing the hypothesis
Drawing conclusion
Reporting the results

63
Q

What are the three kinds of psychological research according to design?

A

Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental

64
Q

This aims to describe the phenomenon of interest and can either be qualitative or quantitative.

A

Descriptive

65
Q

What are the different data collection methods for a descriptive research design?

A

Observation
Case studies
Survey
Interview

66
Q

In observation method:
_____:natural setting & _______:controlled environment

A

naturalistic; laboratory

67
Q

This data method is the in-depth focus or analysis of a single case.

A

Case studies

68
Q

This data method is a set of series of questions that participant answer. This is useful for gathering data on thoughts and feelings.

A

Survey

69
Q

This data method involves asking a series of open-ended question to explore the participants thought and feelings in depth.

A

Interview

70
Q

This research design is used to determine quantitative relationships between two or more variable.

A

Correlational

71
Q

What are the two methods in data gathering for correlational?

A

Observation and Survey

72
Q

In correlational, the relationship can be describe according to its _____ and _____.

A

magnitude and direction

73
Q

_______:same direction _______:opposite direction

A

positive correlation; negative correlation

74
Q

Correlation does not indicate ______.

A

causation

75
Q

This research design aims to determine causal relationships.

A

Experimental

UP Manila (5 decks)

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