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UP Manila > Module 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Module 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

This is the activation of special receptors found in different sense organs of our body and converts them into a neural signal for the brain.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

What is the process of converting environmental stimuli into a neural signal?

A

Transduction

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3
Q

This is a method by which the brain takes all the sensations and interpret them to make sense.

A

Perception

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4
Q

In this process, the brain makes sense of the actual sensory input.

A

Bottom Up Process

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5
Q

In this process, the brain uses background information or expectations to understand sensory input.

A

Top Down Process

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6
Q

Sensory neurons are unlike other neurons because they receive stimuli in the form of energy such as:

A

light, sound waves, chemical particles, or pressure

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7
Q

These are the neurons that are activated by energy of physical information.

A

Receptors

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8
Q

A ___ is the minimum level of stimulus that an organism can detect.

A

sensory threshold

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9
Q

_____ is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time.

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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10
Q

JND is also known as ____.

A

Weber’s law by Ernst Weber

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11
Q

_____ is the smallest level of a stimulus that a person can detect at least half the time.

A

Absolute threshold

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12
Q

This is a psychophysical model that explains how humans make decisions based on sensory information.

A

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

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13
Q

_____ and _____ gives us a sense of safety.

A

constancy; predictability

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14
Q

Our senses and our brain are more interested in ______ as it signals new information.

A

changing stimuli

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15
Q

______ is the decrease in response to stimuli.

A

Habituation

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16
Q

Explain the concept of habituation

A

our lower brain prevents sensory information from getting into the cortical areas for processing thus this “information” became out of conscious.

For example, if you move to a new house near a busy road, you might initially be very aware of the noise from the traffic. However, after some time, you stop noticing the noise even though it’s still there.

Habituation is a psychological term that refers to the process where a person or an organism becomes less responsive or less sensitive to a repeated stimulus over time

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17
Q

This is the decrease in neural sensitivity to receptor.

A

Sensory Adaptation

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18
Q

Explain sensory adaptation further.

A

Sensory adaptation is a process where our body’s senses adjust to constant stimuli. Over time, our senses become less sensitive to these constant stimuli, allowing us to focus on changes or differences in our environment.

For example, when you first start eating at a buffet, each dish might have its own unique and distinct flavor. This is because your taste buds, which are the receptors for taste, are highly sensitive to the different tastes and textures.

However, as you continue to eat, you might notice that the food starts to taste the same. This is sensory adaptation in action. Your taste buds have become less sensitive to the stimuli (the food), so the differences in flavor are not as noticeable.

This decrease in sensitivity is not because the food has changed, but because your sensory receptors (taste buds) have adapted to the constant stimulation of eating.

So, sensory adaptation is your body’s way of helping you focus on new and important information in your environment, rather than being constantly overwhelmed by the same stimuli.

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19
Q

If you stare at something for far too long, will your eyes also become less sensitive to it?

A

No. Vision is unique in this sense because it is not prone to sensory adaption. This is due to constant tiny movements in the eyes called “microsaccades”

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20
Q

Vision is possible because of _____ in the form of ______ entering our eyes.

A

light; waves and particles

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21
Q

However, we do not see or experience light in the form of waves and [articles rather in terms of: _____, _____, _____.

A

brightness; color; saturation

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22
Q

This property refers to the light wave’s amplitude or height.

A

Brightness

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23
Q

higher wavelength →
lower wavelength →

A

brighter; dimmer

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24
Q

This property refers to the length of the wave (wavelength).

A

Color or hue

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25
Q

shorter waves →
longer waves →

A

blue; red

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26
Q

This property refers to the purity of the hue or color.

A

Saturation

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27
Q

This uses patterns of light or perspective to exploit the disconnect between sensation and perception.

A

Optical Illusions

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28
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for vision?

A

Cerebral cortex

29
Q

What is the wavelength range of the visible spectrum?

A

400-700nm

30
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

fibrous layer
vascular layer
inner layer

31
Q

This a connective tissue that contains the sclera and cornea.

A

Fibrous layer

32
Q

This part lets light into the eye.

A

Cornea

33
Q

This contains choroid.

A

Vascular layer

34
Q

Which part of the eye supplies blood?

A

Choroid

35
Q

This is basically a hole that serves as the opening in the iris that allows light to travel in the eye.

A

Pupil

36
Q

Dark room : iris ____ the pupil
Bright room : iris _____ the pupil

A

dilate; constricts

37
Q

Light comes in through the _____ and ____ and hits the ____ that focuses that light and projects it onto the ____.

A

cornea; pupil; lens; retina

38
Q

This is the process that occurs before the light hits photoreceptors at the back of your eye.

A

Focusing

39
Q

The part of the eye that can change its shape and therefore the focus, is the ____.

A

lens

40
Q

This is a common condition that affects the eye’s ability to focus on nearby objects. It’s a natural part of aging and typically becomes noticeable in your early to mid-40’s.

A

Presbyopia

41
Q

This part of the eye is loaded with photoreceptors that convert light into electrical signals.

A

Retina

42
Q

What are the two layers of the retina and what does it contain?

A

pigmented layer ; helps absorb light so it doesn’t scatter
inner neuron layer ; bipolar neurons (have synapses on both ends for photoreceptors and ganglion), and ganglion neurons that forms the optic nerve that leaves in the back of the eyeball up to the thalamus and on the brains visual cortex. These two neuron combines to produce a pathway

43
Q

____ is a photoreceptor that sits near the retina’s center that is involved in visual acuity. These allow us to detect fine details and ability to perceive colors however they are not sensitive and only hit activation thresholds in bright condition.

A

Cones

44
Q

These are responsible for vision in low light conditions, they are more sensitive and numerous but they can’t pick up real colors.

A

Rods

45
Q

Rods can only pick up what shades of color?

A

black, white, and shades of gray

46
Q

What are the three different types of cones?

A

red, green, blue

47
Q

This theory states that we perceive different shades of color depending on the amount of light received by three different types of cones (blue, red, green).

A

Trichromatic Theory

48
Q

The trichromatic theory was proposed by ____ and later revised by _____.

A

Thomas Young; Hermann von Holtz

49
Q

These theory proposes that there are four primary colors and they work in pairs in opposing matter.

A

Opponent Process Theory

50
Q

This is the vibration of air molecules around us.

A

Sound waves

51
Q

This is the first property that is perceive as a pitch.

A

wavelength or frequency

52
Q

high pitch :
low pitch :

A

higher (mas closer together in graph) ; lower frequency (far away in each wave)

53
Q

This is the second property that is perceived as the volume.

A

Amplitude

54
Q

higher volume:
lower volume:

A

taller; shorter

55
Q

This is the third property that is perceived as the timbre.

A

Purity

56
Q

____ can be perceived when we can differentiate two sounds even if they have the same amplitude and frequency,

A

Timbre

57
Q

What stimulates to trigger neurons and send action potential to the brain as a sound?

A

tiny hair cells

58
Q

The inner ear also maintains ____ and allows us to experience sounds.

A

equillibrium

59
Q

How does sound travel?

A

vibrations

60
Q

The ear is divided into three main parts:

A

the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear

61
Q

External ear includes _______ which catches sound waves and directs them into the ear, and the ______, where the sound waves travel down and hit the eardrum

A

pinna (or auricle); auditory canal

62
Q

At this part, the eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and passes these vibrations to three tiny bones.

A

Middle Ear

63
Q

What are the three tiny bones called?

A

auditory ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes, also known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

64
Q

Inner ear contains the _____, which turns physical vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can identify as sounds.

A

cochlea

65
Q

The cochlea has three main chambers separated by sensitive membranes:

A

scala vestibuli, scala media (cochlear duct), scala tympani

66
Q

This membrane vibrates when it receives sound waves from the ossicle bones

A

basilar membrane

67
Q

This contains special sensory cells and nerve cells

A

organ of Corti

68
Q
A

UP Manila (5 decks)

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