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Psychology 100 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

Developmental Psychology

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1
Q

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

A

Zygotic, embryonic, and fetal

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2
Q

What happens during the period of the zygote?

A

Rapid cell division

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3
Q

How can monozygotic twins result?

A

If the zygote is split during rapid cell division

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4
Q

How does the period of the embryo start and end?

A

Start: Implantation in the uterine wall
End: All major bodily structures are formed.

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5
Q

When does the period of the fetus begin?

A

At week 9 of gestation

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6
Q

What happens during the period of the fetus?

A

Significant growth and refinement of the body plan

The fetus’ brain undergoes significant development up through the end of the pregnancy.

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7
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental substances or agents that negatively impact the developing organism during gestation, particularly during the period of the embryo

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8
Q

Name 5 examples of teratogens.

A

Tobacco or Alcohol use during pregnancy
Specific medications
Illnesses
Radiation exposure

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9
Q

What is the consequence of alcohol use during pregnancy?

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

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10
Q

What is the consequence of thalidomide during pregnancy?

A

Fetal limb-shortening

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11
Q

What are consequence of the contraction of the Zika virus during pregnancy?

A

Microcephaly (head smaller than normal)

Stillbirth

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12
Q

True or False? Jean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development in childhood are CONSTRUCTIVIST and DIALECTICAL.

A

True

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13
Q

What do Jean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development in childhood suggest?

A

The processes by which children assimilate, accommodate, and equilibrate to information as they develop

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14
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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15
Q

How long does the sensorimotor stage last and how is it characterized?

A

0-2 years

Learns about the world largely through motor abilities

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16
Q

How long does the preoperational stage last and how is it characterized?

A

2–7 years of life
Can mentally represent the past, but experiences issues with animism and egocentrism; routinely fails at conservation tasks

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17
Q

How long does the concrete operational stage last and how is it characterized?

A

7–11 years of life
Reasons well about concrete events and routinely passes conservation tasks; still experiences difficulty thinking and reasoning abstractly

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18
Q

When does the formal operational stage occur?

A

12+ years

Able to think and reason about hypothetical situations and/or abstract problems

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19
Q

What are attachment styles?

A

How children understand their relationships with important others such as parents

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20
Q

Name the 4 attachment styles.

A

Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and disorganized

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21
Q

Who investigated the development of morality?

A

Kohlberg

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22
Q

What are the 3 stages of development related to moral reasoning?

A

Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional

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23
Q

Which dilemma can help differentiate the 3 stages of development related to moral reasoning?

A

The Heinz dilemma

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24
Q

Which capabilities of the brain are shaped during adolescence?

A

Executive functioning capabilities

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25
Q

Why does risk taking often occurs in adolescence?

A

The prefrontal cortex not being fully mature yet

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26
Q

What is affected by the ability of disengaging from egocentric tendencies during adolescence?

A

Identity development

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27
Q

What is identity formation related to?

A

The amount of exploration a person has done and the amount of commitment given to an individual identity

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28
Q

How is adulthood characterized?

A

Fully developed frontal lobes and mental faculties

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29
Q

What is an extreme of declining cognitive faculties as we age?

A

Dementia

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30
Q

What is an important factor in the likelihood of dementia?

A

Neuroplasticity

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31
Q

What are ways to guard against dementia and protect one’s cognitive reserve?

A

Keeping active and experiencing lots of different things throughout life

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32
Q

What are social clocks?

A

Cultural understandings of what is “supposed to happen” at various points in our lives

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33
Q

What are the 4 adult attachment styles?

A

Secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant attachments

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34
Q

What do adult attachment styles affect?

A

Intimate relationships and marriages

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35
Q

What is a major decision people make as they become adults and can significantly affect how a person sees him or herself as well as their psychological health?

A

Parenthood

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36
Q

What are considerable stressors that can force us to re-evaluate our lives as we approach the end of life?

A

Retirement and the death of loved ones

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37
Q

Who took a lifespan-oriented approach to development?

A

Erik Erikson

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38
Q

How many crises that people must face as they develop and mature did Erik Erikson describe?

A

8

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39
Q

Research in developmental psychology looking at the time course of development is either ____ or _____.

A

Longitudinal or cross-sectional

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40
Q

What does research on pre-verbal infants tend to focus on?

A

How reflexive and involuntary behaviors are shown in different situations

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41
Q

Name 3 examples of reflexive and involuntary behaviors.

A

Measuring the rate an infant sucks on a pacifier
Responses to novelty
Measuring looking time

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42
Q

What can be used to examine development as children get older?

A

Voluntary behaviors

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43
Q

What is a way of measuring memory?

A

Eliciting imitation

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44
Q

Explain the ethical problem for developmental researchers related to when a child should participate in research?

A

Children can give assent but not consent.

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45
Q

Name 2 challenges associated with developmental research.

A

Parents must be convinced to participate with their children.
Representative samples can be difficult to find.

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46
Q

What is development?

A

Growth and change over time, including changes that are progressive (e.g., learning to walk or talk) and regressive (e.g., declines in cognitive functioning with age)

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47
Q

True or False? Whether sleep habits are associated with academic achievement in university students would be studied by a developmental psychologist.

A

True

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48
Q

True or False? Whether changes in cognitive functioning are observed from adulthood into old age would be studied by a developmental psychologist.

A

False

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49
Q

True or False? How language develops over the first two years of life is social development.

A

False, how language develops over the first two years of life is COGNITIVE development.

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50
Q

As the ball of cells divides during the period of the zygote, it hollows out in the center. What is this hollow ball of cells called?

A

Blastocyst

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51
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

A pregnancy that is the result of the fertilized egg implanting into the fallopian tube instead of the uterine wall

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52
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

A pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst/fertilized egg into one of the fallopian tubes instead of the uterine wall

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53
Q

How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic?

A

The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth.

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54
Q

When does the period of the zygote end?

A

2 weeks after conception, when the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall

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55
Q

True or False? Monozygotic twins are identical.

A

True

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56
Q

How are monozygotic/identical twins conceived?

A

The fertilized egg divides into two, resulting in two zygotes that have identical genetic information.
Therefore, identical twins are always of the same sex.

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57
Q

How are dizygotic/fraternal twins conceived?

A

Two eggs are released during the process of ovulation and are fertilized by different sperm, resulting in two zygotes with unique genetic makeups. As a result, fraternal twins may be of different sexes—they share no more genetic similarity to one another than do full siblings born years apart.

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58
Q

True or False? It is possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic or fraternal twins that were conceived by sperm from two different men.

A

True

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59
Q

True or False? Dizygotic or fraternal twins are more alike genetically than two siblings who were born years apart.

A

False

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60
Q

How is development directed within the body?

A

Cephalocaudal (from the head to the tail)

Proximodistal (from the internal organs outward towards the extremities)

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61
Q

True or False? Environment toxins are teratogens.

A

True

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62
Q

True or False? Maternal mental illness is a teratogen.

A

False

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63
Q

Why is it unethical to study the effects of teratogens directly on pregnant women?

A

It might negatively impact their developing infant.

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64
Q

During which period do teratogens exert their most negative effects and why?

A

During the period of the embryo because it is during then that most major bodily structures are being formed

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65
Q

True or False? Teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she is pregnant.

A

False

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66
Q

True or False? The dose and timing of alcohol use have been definitively linked to infant and child outcomes.

A

False, the dose and timing of alcohol use have not yet been definitively linked to infant and child outcomes.

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67
Q

Name 3 effects that alcohol can have on the developing infant.

A

Damage to internal organs
Altered physical characteristics
Cognitive impairments

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68
Q

What is another term for alcohol effects on infant development?

A

Sleeper effect

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69
Q

Why was thalidomide used on pregnant women across the world?

A

The drug was effective at reducing sensations of nausea in pregnant women and they did not report any ill effects associated with the drug.

70
Q

Why was thalidomide not used in the United States?

A

Dr. Frances Kelsey, a doctor at the FDA, delayed its use of thalidomide because there was not enough research on the effects of thalidomide use and too few safeguards were in place.

71
Q

Besides microcephaly and stillbirth, stunted limb growth and altered brain development are also possible consequences of prenatal exposure to Zika.

A

False, possible consequences of prenatal exposure to Zika do not include stunted limb growth and altered brain development.

72
Q

True or False? Pregnant women do not need to avoid traveling to areas of the world where Zika transmission has occurred.

A

False, pregnant women should avoid areas where Zika transmission has occurred.

73
Q

Why is Piaget’s theory considered as constructivist?

A

Because he believed that children are active contributors to their own learning and therefore construct their own knowledge

74
Q

Why is Piaget’s theory considered as dialectical?

A

Because he believed that the growth of cognitive structures occurs when individuals encounter conflicting information that alters their existing perspectives on the world

75
Q

True or False? A child watching his mother as she tries to complete a difficult puzzle is an example of constructivism.

A

False

76
Q

True or False? A child banging on different items with a wooden spoon to produce different sounds is an example of constructivism.

A

True

77
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures

78
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The creation of new cognitive structures to house new information

79
Q

What is equilibration?

A

States in which cognitive structures agree with external realities

80
Q

What is desequilibration?

A

States in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities

81
Q

True or False? According to Piagetian theory, everyone reaches the highest level of cognitive functioning.

A

True

82
Q

How is the 1st substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?

A

Infants relate to the world using reflexes.

83
Q

How is the 2nd substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?

A

Infants engage in PRIMARY circular reactions.

84
Q

What are primary circular reactions?

A

Repeated actions of the infant on its own body

85
Q

How is the 3rd substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?

A

Infants engage in SECONDARY circular reactions.

86
Q

What are secondary circular reactions?

A

Repeated actions of the infant on objects outside of its own body

87
Q

How is the 4th substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?

A

Object permanence is achieved.

88
Q

What is object permanence?

A

An understanding that objects and individuals continue to exist even if they cannot be seen, a development that occurs around 9 months of age

89
Q

How is the 5th substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?

A

Infants engage in TERTIARY circular reactions.

90
Q

What are tertiary circular reactions?

A

Infants are “little scientists”: they learn about the world by actively explore it by seeing how changes affect outcomes.

91
Q

How is the 6th substage of the sensorimotor period characterized?

A

Children engage in mental representation.

92
Q

What is mental representation?

A

When a child can remember and act on past experiences.

93
Q

What is symbolic thinking and during which period is it developed?

A

The ability to use symbols to stand for other things
ex. Language to stand for complex feelings or ideas

During pre-operational period

94
Q

What is animism?

A

Preschooler beliefs that stuffed toys and other inanimate objects have feelings

95
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Difficulty of children in adopting the perspective of another individual, as seen in children aged 2 to 7 in Piaget’s developmental model

96
Q

What are conservation tasks?

A

Physical qualities of an object remain unchanged despite changes to its physical appearance, a notion that children have difficulties understanding during the preoperational period.

97
Q

When do children successfully achieve conservation tasks?

A

During the concrete operational period when children understand the 3 transformative principles

98
Q

What are the 3 transformative principles and explain.

A

IDENTITY: Children realize that the transformations they observe do not alter the medium in any meaningful way.

COMPENSATION: They recognize that the imposed changes cancel each other out.

INVERSION: They realize that each of the processes imposed in conservation tasks is easily reversible.

99
Q

Explain the difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of development.

A

While Piaget on stages of cognitive development with little regard for societal influences on cognitive growth and change over time, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context in which children were raised.

100
Q

What is scaffold?

A

Cognitive support offered by a teacher to a learner to assist the learner to acquire new skills or knowledge. Such support is withdrawn when the learner can perform the skill on his/her own.

101
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

In Vygotsky’s theory of learning, the distance between what a child can accomplish on his/her own and what he/she can accomplish with some assistance.

102
Q

What is attachment?

A

The patterned behavior and emotional bond one forms with primary caregivers in infancy, which is associated with later behavior in adult romantic relationships

103
Q

According to the video of Harlow’s research, how much time did infant monkeys generally spend on their cloth mothers?

A

Approximately 17-18 hours per day

104
Q

Which paradigm led to the identification of 3 primary attachment classifications?

A

The Strange Situation paradigm where an infant, her mother, and a stranger are placed in 8 unique situations

105
Q

Which attachment style is associated with the following description?

Infants with this attachment classification were clingy and resisted separation from their caregivers, perhaps by holding onto their mother’s skirt as she tried to exit the room. These infants were fearful of the stranger when left alone with her and in some cases engaged in additional contact-maintaining behaviors with the mother when she reappeared.

A

Insecure-resistant

106
Q

Which attachment style is associated with the following description?

These infants were comfortable playing in the novel room and interacting with the stranger as long as the mother was present. These infants became distressed when the mother left the room but seemed happy when she came back—infants crawled or walked to the mother for comfort and stopped crying after they were picked up.

A

Securely-attached

107
Q

Which attachment style is associated with the following description?

These infants experienced minimal stranger anxiety when left alone with the stranger and showed little distress when their mother was absent. When their mothers returned, infants did not approach her for comfort or seem excited by her appearance—they actively avoided her, perhaps looking over to her but making limited attempts to interact with her.

A

Insecure-avoidant

108
Q

Which attachment style is associated with the following description?

This attachment style is characterized by extreme fear and dissociation; infants with this attachment classification may demonstrate odd behaviors when interacting with their mothers, such as wanting to approach them while also seeking to move away (e.g., moving away from the mother with outstretched arms, as though wanting to be picked up).

A

Disorganized

109
Q

What is the Heinz dilemma?

A

Kohlberg’s primary vignette: Whether Heinz should have—or should not have—stolen the drugs needed to save his wife from cancer

110
Q

What are the 3 primary stages of moral reasoning?

A

Pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality

111
Q

What is pre-conventional morality?

A

The 1st stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards

112
Q

What is conventional morality?

A

The 2nd stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as “good” or “bad” by others

113
Q

What is post-conventional morality?

A

The 3rd and final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions based on abstract principles instead of based on society or the judgment of others

114
Q

What is adolescent egocentrism?

A

Adolescents’ perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions

115
Q

Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?

An adolescent thinking that she will not become pregnant even after repeated instances of unprotected sex

A

Personal fable

116
Q

Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?

An adolescent thinking that everyone notices how her hair looks bad on a certain day

A

Imaginary audience

117
Q

Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?

An adolescent thinking that everyone is talking about his recent break-up

A

Imaginary audience

118
Q

Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is associated with the following statement?

An adolescent thinking she will not get injured while simultaneously driving her car and texting her friend

A

Personal fable

119
Q

How many identity types are there?

A

4

120
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following?

Low commitment and low exploration

A

Identity diffusion

121
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following?

Low commitment and high exploration

A

Psychosocial moratorium

122
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following?

High commitment and low exploration

A

Foreclosed identity

123
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following?

High commitment and high exploration

A

Identity achievement

124
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following statement?

A young woman decides to pursue a career as a plumber because her father was a plumber and that is what he always wanted her to be.

A

Foreclosed identity

125
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following statement?

A young man cannot make any firm decisions about his future unsure of whether he would like to pursue a career in advertising¸ become a medical doctor or own a flower shop.

A

Identity diffusion

126
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following statement?

A young woman has thoughtfully considered various career options and has decided to work towards becoming a physicist who works for NASA.

A

Identity achievement

127
Q

Which identity type is associated with the following statement?

A young woman is in college and plans to take a gap year before pursuing graduate school in a field of interest that she has not yet identified.

A

Psychosocial moratorium

128
Q

Which relationships are most important when considering predictors of good adolescent mental health and well-being?

A

Parent-adolescent relationships

129
Q

What is dementia?

A

Deterioration of brain function affecting cognitive processes such as memory, language and judgment
ex. Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson’s disease

130
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

A disease marked by the gradual onset of impairment in cognitive functions of memory, reasoning, and judgment

131
Q

True or False? Dementia is a specific type of Alzheimer’s disease.

A

False, Alzheimer’s disease is a specific type of dementia.

132
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to be modified by experience

133
Q

True or False? A strong social support network seems to protect against cognitive decline in old age.

A

True

134
Q

True or False? Eliminating caffeine from one’s diet seems to protect against cognitive decline in old age.

A

False

135
Q

Which adult attachment is associated with the following?

Adults who are comfortable and confident in their ability to become emotionally close to others, and they enjoy a balance of closeness and independence in their relationships as a result.

A

Secure or autonomous attached

136
Q

Which adult attachment is associated with the following?

Adults who are perfectly comfortable without close emotional relationships. These adults tend to believe that close relationships will compromise their independence, and they often avoid such relationships altogether.

A

Dismissive or avoidant

137
Q

Which adult attachment is associated with the following?

Adults who tend to feel uncomfortable with independence and strive for constant intimacy and closeness in their intimate relationships. These adults have high levels of relationship needs, however, they report that they are often unable to find romantic partners willing to react similarly.

A

Anxious or preoccupied

138
Q

True or False? Marital satisfaction generally increases after the birth of a child.

A

False, marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child.

139
Q

True or False? Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce is not a factor associated with better adjustment to retirement.

A

True

140
Q

What are the 3 factors that predicted successful retirement adjustment?

A

Better psychological health
A higher income
Being married

141
Q

What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?

A

A theory on aging which suggests that younger adults will value information-related goals and older adults will place emphasis on emotion-related goals

142
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with infancy?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

143
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with early childhood?

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

144
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with preschool years?

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

145
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with school age?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

146
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with adolescence?

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion

147
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with early adulthood?

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

148
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with middle adulthood?

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

149
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with maturity?

A

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

150
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?

A teenager adheres to a religion that promotes conformity.

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion

151
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?

A mother does not let her toddler dig in the dirt for worms.

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

152
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?

A newborn is in foster care and receives inconsistent care.

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

153
Q

What is the developmental milestone associated with the following?

A man has children but does not take care of them.

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

154
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Studying development in the same people over time

155
Q

What is cross-sectional research?

A

Studying children of various ages in the same study

156
Q

How is longitudinal research useful?

A

Useful for studying developmental processes (whether growth over time is characterized by stability or change)
Useful to examining how experiences in infancy and early childhood may have lasting influences on behavior as individuals age

157
Q

How is cross-sectional research useful?

A

Useful for examining age-related change

158
Q

Which kind of research is associated with examining if children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?

A

Cross-sectional research

159
Q

Explain the high amplitude sucking paradigm.

A

Infants are given a sterilized pacifier to suck on for a certain period of time. This initial baseline period is used to establish how much infants suck on the pacifier in the absence of any outside stimulation. Sucking amplitude varies depending on the stimuli to which the infant is exposed.

160
Q

What is novelty preference?

A

The preference of infants in looking longer at new information in the environment, as compared to old information

161
Q

What do habituation paradigms suggest?

A

Infants remember information about visual stimuli and this memory may inform where they choose to look in the future.

162
Q

True or False? Habituation paradigms can tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.

A

False

163
Q

True or False? Habituation paradigms can provide important information about cognitive processing in infancy.

A

True

164
Q

True or False? Infants are born with a universal moral code.

A

True

165
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

An ability that emerges around age 4 that allows people to understand that others have feelings, thoughts, and desires that differ from one’s own

166
Q

Which paradigms identified the theory of mind?

A

False belief paradigms

167
Q

What is elicited imitation and why was it created?

A

A three-dimensional behavioral recall

It was created because young infants and children cannot report on the past using language.

168
Q

True or False? Whether theory of mind can be teached to children under 4 can be tested using elicited imitation.

A

False

169
Q

Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?

Researchers may only have access to relatively homogeneous samples of infants and young children given the demographics of the area in which their work is conducted.

A

Practical

170
Q

Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?

Infants are considered as a vulnerable population because they are unable to provide consent or indicate if they would like to stop participating in a study.

A

Ethical

171
Q

Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?

Families may not be interested in driving to the lab to participate in studies even when small incentives are provided.

A

Practical

172
Q

Is the following situation a practical or ethical consideration associated with the testing of infants and children as research participants?

When relevant researchers must debrief parents (and children as appropriate) about the goals of the study in which they participated.

A

Ethical

Psychology 100 (5 decks)

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