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PSY4409 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 different types of terrorism?

A
  • Ethnic terrorism
  • Ideological terrorism
  • State-based terrorism
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2
Q

What is the difference between state terrorism and state-based terrorism?

A
  • State terrorism is defined as, “the use of terror by a government against its own citizens” eg: Nazi Germany
  • State-based terrorism is when a state foreign policy supports a terrorist organisation eg: Iran providing a safe haven to some members of Al-Quaeda during the early 2000s
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3
Q

What are the two types terrorism theories?

A
  • Terror Management Theory (TMT)

- Cognitive behavioural theory

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4
Q

What was the original focus of Terror Management Theory?

A

Humans’ fear of their own vulnerability and eventual mortality - existential anxiety

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5
Q

Explain Terror Management Theory.

A
  • People develop strong beliefs about how the world should be
  • This allows people to feel important and that they contribute to a meaningful world, which gives them psychological security, but also a sense of superiority over others
  • These beliefs relieve anxiety and are defended for psychological security
  • When people challenge these beliefs, the individual is likely to respond negatively
  • This negative reaction can be dealt with in one of four ways: derogation, assimilation, accommodation, or annihilation.
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6
Q

In terms of cognitive behavioural theory, what processes are key to developing and maintaining psychological issues arising from terrorism?

A
  • Catastrophising
  • Helplessness
  • Rumination
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7
Q

How do people reduce the uncertainty explained in Uncertainty-Identity theory?

A

They self-categorise to a particular group

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8
Q

What is one of the main purposes of having a cultural worldview?

A

It provides answers to the questions of human origin and purpose, and thus, serve as coping mechanisms to personal uncertaintly

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9
Q

What are some of the typical characteristics of groups people often turn to when trying to mitigate existential anxiety?

A
  • Idealised convictions about the self and the world
  • Confidence
  • Control
  • Meaningfulness
  • “Groupness”
  • Cohesiveness
  • Ideological orthodoxy
  • Closed boundaries
  • Hierarchical power
  • Ethnocentric attitudes
  • Support for radical action
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10
Q

What were the 3 main findings of Das et al. (2009) study on TMT and news?

A

1) The murder of Van Gogh and news reports of terrorism overseas increased death-related thoughts, which in turn predicted prejudice towards Arabs, but only after Van Gogh’s death.
2) News on a terrorist threat close by increase death-related thoughts, which in turn predicted implicit prejudice towards Arabs, but only in those with low self-esteem
3) The effect of terrorism news on prejudice against Arabs was replicated for non-Muslims. Also, it increased prejudice against Europeans for Muslim participants

“Terrorism news triggers an unconsciously activated fear of death, which then becomes the basis for judging outgroups”

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11
Q

What type of nervous system does fear make dominant?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

What are the two hormones that are released during a fear response?

A

Adrenaline and cortisol

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13
Q

What might be a biological cause of PTSD?

A

Individuals may have reduced activation of the HPA axis leads to reduced release of cortisol, which works to contain the sympathetic stress response.
The memory of the event becomes strongly encoded and associated with extreme subjective distress

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14
Q

Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “strong emotional reactions such as disbelief, numbness, fear and confusion.”

A

Phase 1

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15
Q

Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “active efforts to adapt to new environment, intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms present, anger irritability and social withdrawal”

A

Phase 2

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16
Q

Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “Disappointment and resentment as it becomes evidence that aid and restoration is unlikely to lead to complete return to pre-attack status.”

A

Phase 3

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17
Q

Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “Reconstruction phase typified by physical and emotional rebuilding, resumption of old roles, re-establishing social connections”

A

Phase 4

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18
Q

What percentage of refugees have experienced at least 1 traumatic event? What is the average number of traumatic events experienced by refugees?

A
  • 90-95%

- 4

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19
Q

What is the national prevalence of PTSD? What is the rate for Defence Force personnel? What is the rate for refugees?

A
  • 4.4%
  • 8.3%
  • 30%
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20
Q

What are some of the clinical challenges when working with severely traumatised refugees, as described by Maier (2015)?

A
  • Very severe trauma
  • Shattered assumptions about the trustworthiness of the world
  • Loss of self-sameness/identity
  • Physical disabilities and complaints
  • Insecure residency permit status
  • Cultural and social uprooting
  • Survivor’s/perpetrator’s guilt
  • Moral injury
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21
Q

What are 5 things you should focus on when providing CBT to traumatised refugees?

A
  1. Extend to psycho-educational element of therapy
  2. Explore their symptoms in their own words - makes them the master of their experience
  3. Explore the impact of their trauma on their role functioning
  4. Involve them in therapeutic goal-setting - likely to differ from what you think they’re goals will be
  5. Obtain supervision
22
Q

What are some of the benefits of positive education?

A
  • Promotes individual growth
  • Teaches students how to make themselves contented
  • Reduces depression
  • Happy students make high achievers
  • Makes teachers’ lives easier
  • Increases student motivation
23
Q

What are some of the benefits of the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP)?

A
  • Reduces helplessness
  • Reduces depression
  • Reduces anxiety
  • Reduces behavioural problems
24
Q

What are 2 exercises used in the PRP?

A
  • Three good things

- Using signature strengths in a new way

25
Q

Where has positive education arisen from in the 70s, 90s, and 2000s?

A

70s - self-esteem
90s - social skills programs
2000s - resilience programs

26
Q

What is the point of using positive psychology interventions and coaching psychology in schools?

A

The coaching can enhance the training of the positive psychology intervention

27
Q

What are the five elements for well-being - PERMA?

A 
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishment
28
Q

According to Seligman, what are the 3 pillars of happiness?

A
  • Positive emotions
  • Positive traits
  • Positive institutions (democracy, family, schools)
29
Q

What are 2 reasons why positive psychologists haven’t been able to address the ‘positive institutions’ pillar of happiness?

A
  • They haven’t had access to whole schools

- Practically, it’s easier to enforce change on an individual level, rather than large-scale political transformation

30
Q

What are the ‘High Six’?

A
  • Wisdom/knowledge
  • Courage
  • Humanity
  • Justice
  • Temperance
  • Transcendence
31
Q

What were the main findings of Uhls and Greenfield’s (2011) study on fame?

A
  • Fame became more important in tween television between 1967 and 2007
  • Younger people were more attuned to the value of fame than older people
  • Community value was ranked one of the most important values in TV every decade except 2007.
32
Q

What is the important cause of changes in value priorities (ie. community vs fame) between 1967 and 2007?

A

Technology

33
Q

What is Galton’s theory of inherited greatness? What evidence is it supported by?

A

It assumes that greatness is an inherited universal human attribute. It is supported by the large correlation between career choices of parents and offspring

34
Q

How did Freud explain fame?

A

Creative artists are motivated by the desire for fame, together with wealth and romantic love

35
Q

What did Simonton say were the 2 personality characteristics predictive of motivation towards fame?

A

Drive to succeed and tendency to take risks

36
Q

What did Braudy say about individuals that are famous?

A

They can easily read situations and improvise when planning fails

37
Q

What are some developmental factors associated with fame?

A
  • Social class
  • Adversity in early life
  • Birth order
38
Q

Why does Prof Haslam think concept creep has occurred?

A

In the last 50 years, Western society has grown more sensitive to harm and expanded their definition of what harm is

39
Q

In terms of concept creep, what does horizontal and vertical expansion mean?

A

Horizontal expansion - qualitatively new phenomena

Vertical expansion - quantitatively less extreme phenomena

40
Q

How has abuse shifted horizontally/qualitatively?

A
  • Abuse now includes emotional and psychological
  • Things that don’t involve physical contact
  • Neglect
41
Q

How has abuse shifted vertically/quantitatively?

A
  • What constitutes emotional abuse is often diffuse and ambiguous
  • In terms of neglect, “What was not done, but should have been” is much less concrete than “What was done, but should not have been”
42
Q

How has bullying shifted horizontally/qualitatively?

A
  • Cyberbullying
  • Workplace bullying
  • Ignoring or excluding behaviours
43
Q

How has bullying shifted vertically/quantitatively?

A
  • Less extreme bullying
  • Less repetitive bullying eg: posting one picture online
  • New questionnaire wording: “these things may happen repeatedly”
  • Element of power often doesn’t exist with cyberbullying, perp is often anonymous
  • Perceived bullying is now a thing, intentionality is often missing
44
Q

How has prejudice shifted horizontally/qualitatively?

A
  • People need to deny the existence of racism, and oppose affirmative action policies to prove they’re not racist
  • Symbolic racism
  • Aversive prejudice eg: having an unconscious antipathy for outgroup members based on fear, unease or discomfort
45
Q

How has prejudice shifted vertically/quantitatively?

A
  • Microaggressions eg: faltering speech, trembling speech when discussing racial issues
46
Q

How has trauma shifted horizontally?

A
  • Trauma to psychological state, not the body
47
Q

How has trauma shifted vertically?

A
  • Childbirth, sexual harassment, infidelity, emotional loss, grief
48
Q

How have mental disorders shifted horizontally?

A
  • Bad habits, personal weaknesses, medical problems, and character flaws now considered mental disorders
49
Q

How have mental disorders shifted vertically?

A
  • Less versions of severe conditions eg: Aspergers

- Normal worry, fear and sadness are creeping into mental disorders

50
Q

How has addiction shifted horizontally?

A
  • Behavioural and process addictions
51
Q

How has addiction shifted vertically?

A
  • Bad habits and repetitive pleasurable activities considered addictions

PSY4409 (6 decks)

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