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PSY4409 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many Australian adults are overweight or obese?

A

Every 2 out of 3

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2
Q

What are the 3 major types of food that have been found to have a positive or negative impact on well being?

A

Sugar
Carbs
Omega-3

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3
Q

What 2 areas of the brain can excess sugar shrink?

A
  • Areas responsible for memory

- Areas responsible for mood regulation eg: hippocampus

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4
Q

What psychological disorder has excess sugar consumption been linked to?

A

Major depression

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5
Q

In what ways do carbohydrates impact well being?

A
  • They can enhance mood in individuals with obesity, premenstrual syndrome, and seasonal affective disroder
  • Reduce anxiety, anger, and depression
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6
Q

In what ways does omega-3 impact well being?

A
  • Link between depression and low omega-3 fatty acids (drawn from seafood)
  • Linked with neuronal growth, enhanced mood, reduced heart disease and the delay of dementia
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7
Q

What are the 3 most ‘pleasurable’ foods?

A

Coffee, chocolate and wine

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8
Q

What did Jacka et al. 2010 find an increase in a Western diet (junk and processed foods) led to in terms of psychological outcomes, for women?

A

Increased Western diet = increased MDD/dysthymia and bipolar, but not anxiety

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9
Q

What did Jacka et al. 2010 find an increase in a traditional diet (vegetables, fruit, beef, lamb, wholegrains, fish) led to in terms of psychological outcomes, for women?

A

Increased traditional diet = decreased MDD/dysthymia, bipolar and anxiety

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10
Q

What kind of specific diet has been shown to improve mood, energy, vigour and contentment?

A

10-day Mediterranean diet

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11
Q

What is the link between coffee and depression?

A

One study found women who drank coffee had a 20% lower risk of depression

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12
Q

What did Lucas et al (2011) find in terms of the relationship between noncoffee sources of caffeine and depression?

A

They found no significant relationship, perhaps due to insufficient power

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13
Q

What are some of the strengths of Lucas et al (2011) study on the link between caffeine and depression?

A
  • Large sample size
  • Prospective design
  • Repeated measures of covariates (7 times over 22 years)
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14
Q

What are some of the limitations of Lucas et al (2011) study on the link between caffeine and depression?

A
  • Cannot prove that caffeine reduces the risk of depression, but only suggests the possibility of such a protective effect
  • Possibility of reverse causation (eg: depressive symptoms lead to reduced caffeine intake)
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15
Q

What are some of the benefits of eating chocolate?

A
  • Reports of more positive child temperament by mothers who consumed chocolate daily during their pregnancies
  • Increased wellbeing among men who reported eating chocolate versus other sweets
  • Enhanced cognition, reduced cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in elderly men and postmenopausal women who consumed 100g of dark chocolate a day
  • Lower blood pressure, blood sugar and cortisol, as well as improved cellular processing of sugar
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16
Q

Which component of chocolate is said to cause it beneficial effects?

A

Anandamides

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17
Q

What is the formula for getting the right balance of pleasure from wine?

A

W(e) = f(W, P, E)

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18
Q

What are the typical demographics of wine consumers versus other alcohol consumers?

A
  • Highly educated
  • Healthy dietary practices
  • Exercise regimes
  • Consume less alcohol overall
  • Reduced levels of smoking and body mass
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19
Q

What are some of the trends with regards to physical attractiveness and disadvantage?

A
  • Physically attractive people are more like to receive better treatment than less attractive people
  • Physically attractive people are more likely to be deemed suitable for jobs compared to less attractive people, except in masculine jobs where looks are not important (eg: tow truck driver) (attractive females are not considered more suitable in these cases)
  • People prefer to bond with physically attractive people. they are deemed as more interpersonally receptive and responsive, even with online gaming characters
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20
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

The effect wherein having one good quality (eg: physical attractiveness) leads to the perception of having other good qualities

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21
Q

What were the 2 main findings of Lorenzo et al (2010) study on physical attractiveness and personality accuracy?

A

1) More physically attractive people are judged with greater normative accuracy (ie: they are more in line with the highly desirable normative profile)
2) Physically attractive people are judged with more distinctive accuracy (ie: more in line with their unique self-reported personality traits)

“Overall, people do judge a book by its cover, but a more beautiful cover prompts a closer reading, leading more physically attractive people to be seen both more positively and more accurately”

22
Q

What did Lorenzo et al (2010) mean when they said “the application of the physical-attractiveness stereotype and accuracy were still to some extent a product of they eye of the beholder” ?

A

When an individual views another as more attractive (controlling for the group’s perception), they are more likely to form positive perceptions of that person, even if the general group doesn’t find them attractive.

23
Q

How do women explain the success of attractive women versus the success of attractive men?

A

Success of attractive woman = luck

Success of attractive man = ability

24
Q

Who do men make derogatory statements to and who do they make glorifying statements to?

A 
Derogatory = attractive males, unattractive females
Glorifying = unattractive males, attractive females
25
Q

When does the sexual attribution bias tend to disappear?

A

When those being judged are children, gay men, or members of a different ethnic group

26
Q

Aside from facial attractiveness, what other kind of physical attractiveness is associated with better career success and income?

A

Height

27
Q

What have been the findings in studies looking at the link between facial characteristics and election success?

A
  • In the US, participants rated unknown candidates on their competency, and these rapid judgments (based on photographs) predicted a substantial proportion of their success in the election
  • Indian and US participants judged which Mexican and Brazilian candidates were more appealing, and were highly accurate in predicting the election winners on this basis
  • Benefits candidates derive from physical attractiveness tends to come from citizens with less knowledge about politics
28
Q

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy associated with attractiveness?

A

Attractive people tend to behave more positively and have more positive traits

29
Q

What did the twin study looking at the relationship between personality traits and self-esteem find?

A
  • Between unrelated lookalikes, there was no significant correlation between personality traits and self-esteem
  • For identical twins, there was a significant correlation between personality traits and self-esteem
  • These findings suggest personality has a basis in genetics, and this genetic basis accounts for more of one’s personality than appearance alone
30
Q

What were the main findings of Jones et al. (2014) study on cosmetics?

A
  • Both sexes judged, incorrectly, that men would prefer more cosmetics than would women
  • Rather, men and women have similar preferences for cosmetic use
  • Male and female observers significantly over-estimated how much cosmetics other people would prefer
  • Models wore more makeup than observers’ personal preference, and even more than observers’ overinflated estimates of what others would prefer
  • Therefore, cosmetics are a form of pluralistic ignorance, whereby women tailor their cosmetics use to an inaccurate perception of others’ preferences
31
Q

What are the 2 major factors that influence one’s acceptance and consideration of cosmetic surgery?

A
  • Appearance-based rejection sensitivity

- Body image disturbance

32
Q

What are some other factors that may influence one’s acceptance and consideration of cosmetic surgery?

A
  • Social media use
  • Exposure to reality TV shows about cosmetic surgery (doesn’t increase favourability towards surgery, but decreases satisfaction with appearance and weight)
  • Interest in celebrities (“celebrity worship”)
33
Q

What are the 2 areas of research at The Centre for Appearance Research (CAR) in the UK?

A

1) Body image

2) Physical difference/disfigurement

34
Q

What is the current trend in eating disorder in the West vs in Asia, the Middle East, and among Hispanics and Africans in North America?

A
  • In the West, the incidence of anorexia nervosa seems to be stabilising
  • In other parts of the world, eating disorders appear to be on the rise
35
Q

What are some of the benefits of positive emotions?

A
  • Increased self-esteem
  • Increased optimism
  • Enhanced attention
  • Cognitive function
  • Emotional stability
  • Resilience
  • Reverse the adverse physiological effects of negative emotions
  • Deeper contemplations and broadening of ideas
36
Q

What are the main points of Fredrickson (2013) paper “Learning to self-generate positive emotions”?

A
  • Positive emotions have a range of beneficial correlates
  • Positive emotions open minds (broaden)
  • Positive emotions transform lives
  • Trait positive affect can change
  • Upward spirals counter downward spirals
  • Emotional habits can change using the broaden-and-build theory, even in clinical cases
37
Q

Why has most positive emotion research supported the building and broadening theory?

A

Because most of this research involves experiments with methods that induce low approach positive emotions (eg: giving rewards, watching funny films, recalling fulfilled goals)

38
Q

What kind of positive emotions go against the build and broaden theory, and instead have been shown to narrow attention?

A
  • Positive emotions high in arousal and approach motivation eg: enthusiasm and excitement
  • In these cases, the action tendencies are based on the arousal of the CNS, and a disregard of irrelevant and disturbing stimuli thereby narrowing attention and focus
39
Q

What are some benefits of negative emotions?

A
  • Engage more fully in tasks
  • Remember events more accurately
  • Write more convincing arguments
  • Practice more vigorously
  • Disregard stereotypes
  • Fair evaluation of others
  • Increase skepticism and detect deception
  • Respond to challenges or threats
40
Q

What are the benefits of fear, disgust, and anger, respectively?

A

Fear - avoid danger and direct efforts towards conservation
Disgust - Restricts attention to specific features, rather than global patterns
Anger - Readiness to attack, persist with course of action, risk-seeking behaviour

41
Q

How do people usually feel about having mixed emotions?

A

Though they are common everyday (nostalgia, hope), people tend to find mixed emotions discomforting and want to resolve them

42
Q

What happens when people try to recall times when they had mixed emotions?

A

They tend to only recall one of the emotions, or both individually, not that they felt mixed

43
Q

How does the term ‘narcissism’ have different meanings in the context of personality theory vs a DSM-5 personality diagnosis?

A

Personality theory - narcissism is regarded as a trait that varies between individuals on a continuum
DSM-5 - narcissism is treated as categorical, where an individual can be formally diagnosed as having “narcissistic personality disorder”.

44
Q

What is the key difference between overt and covert narcissism?

A

Overt is positively correlated with self-esteem, whereas covert is negatively correlated with self-esteem

45
Q

What is the scale most commonly used to measure narcissism?

A

The Narcissism Personality Inventory (NPI)

46
Q

What are the 7 subscales of the NPI?

A 
Authority
Self-sufficiency
Superiority
Exhibitionism
Exploitativeness
Vanity
Entitlement
47
Q

What are the 3 factors that recent research has suggested the NPI actually consists of?

A

Leadership/authority
Grandiose exhibitionism
Entitlement/exploitativeness

48
Q

What Big 5 personality traits does narcissism correlate negatively and positively with?

A

Correlates negatively with agreeableness

Correlates positively with extroversion and openness to experience

49
Q

What two other things does narcissism correlate with to form the ‘Dark Triad’?

A

Machiavellianism and psychopathy

50
Q

According to Weiser , which 2 facets of narcissism were positively associated with selfie-posting frequency, and which one wasn’t?

A

Leadership/authority and grandiose exhibitionism were

Entitlement/exploitativeness wasn’t

51
Q

Which facet was a stronger predictor of selfie posting for women, and which was a predictor for men, but not women?

A 
Women = leadership authority
Men = entitlement/exploitativness

PSY4409 (6 decks)

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