Module 4 Flashcards by Jordan Jackson

what are the 3 main cells types in the blood

RBC, WBC, Platelets

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describe RBCs

non-nucleated
have hemoglobin and transport O2 and CO2

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describe WBCs

Nucleated
several types
immune cells

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describe platelets

non-nucleated
cell fragments
allow for clotting

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What is hematocrit

the % of packed red blood cells in centrifuged blood
normally 40-45%

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what is low hematocrit % ? what does it indicate

~20%
indicates anemia or vitamin deficeincy

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what is high hematocrit % ? what does it indicate

~55%
polycythemia, high altitude/smoking (hypoxia) dehydration

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what causes low WBCs

HIV –> HIV attacks T Cells
Chemotherapy

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what causes high WBCs

infection, common cold etc.
leukemia

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what is hemoglobin

globin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains
has one heme pigment attached to each chain
each heme contains 1 Fe ion that can combine with 1 O2 molecule

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how long is the RBC life span

120 days
wear out from bending to fit through capillaries
repair is impossible due to lack of organelles

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how are RBCs broken down

macrophage in the liver/spleen/bone marrow
globin broken into amino acids to create new proteins
heme splits into iron (used in bone marrow for hemoglobin synthesis) non iron portion is converted into biliverdin then bilirubin
Bilirubin travels to liver and is conjugated with glucuronic acid –> released into bile
in L intestine bilirubin diglucuronide is converted by bacteria into urobilinogen
urobilinogen is eliminated in feces and stercobilin, some goes back to blood and becomes urobilin eliminated in urine

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Describe Innate immunity

non specific, no memory, quick response

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Describe adaptive immunity

specific, generate memory, takes to to generate response

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1st line of immune defense

mechanical barrier
mucosal surfaces
chemical protection

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Describe the mechanical barrier function in immunity

skin is made of tight packed cells
keratinized layer of dead cells
shed outer layer to remove microbes

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Describe chemical protection in immunity

sebum from skin inhibits growth of bacteria
lysozyme in perspiration can breakdown bacterial walls
dermcidin in sweat glands of skin can bind bacterial membrane and poke holes

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Describe mucosal surfaces

Respiratory tract, GI tract, vaginal canal
have cilia, mucus, tears, saliva, urine

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describe chemical protection of mucosal surfaces

acidic pH of vagina and gastric juice
defensins
mucosa, IgA

what is the second line of defense

inflammation
phagocytes
NK cells
Anti-microbials

what is acute inflammation

damaged cells signal adjacent cells that something is wrong with interferon
PRR on normal cells activate inflammation

what is the early-late reactive response (acute inflammation)

release of endothelial activating mediators like leukotrienes and prostaglandins
cause exppression of adhesion molecules in endothelium of capillaries, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability
within 1 hour, see influx of neutrophils then monocytes
tissue repair will occur as a result of the inflammation

what are the 4 signs of inflamation

redness
heat
swelling
pain

describe redness

increased vasodilation leads to increased blood flow to area

describe heat

same reasons as redness - increased blood flow to area

describe swelling

endothelial cells become more permeable so more fluid/protein/cells accumulate in the tissue

describe pain

due to swelling and release of neurotransmitters

what cells can phagocytose pathogens

neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells

describe neutrophils

1st phagocyte to move from blood to tissue in inflammation

describe monocytes

located in blood, migrate to inflamed tissues in response to chemokines, differentiate into macrophages that can phagocytose and kill pathogens

describe dendritic cells

tissue resident and move into the tissue can move to and from circulation activate B and T cells link innate immune response to adaptive immune response

how do neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells know what is a pathogen

Use PRR to see special Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP)

what is an antigen

substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance include toxins, bacteria, viruses or other substances that come from outside the body

describe an epitope

small structire on an antigen that can induce an immune response by binding a receptor on a T/B cell

what is an antigen presenting cell

cells that process and display antigen as peptides in their MHC molecules and activate T cells DCs are the best at being an APC

how do MHC 1 work

on all nucleated cells bins to cytosolic peptides (endogenous antigens) present to CD8 T cells

how does MCH 2 work

mostly on APC bind peptides from intracellular vesicles - things phagocytosed or internalized via specific binding (exogenous antigens) Presents to CD4 T cells

what is unique about T and B cells

long life span can divide and regenerate quickly each cell has a unique receptor to recognize Ag

what is BCR

can be membrane anchored or released as an Antibody, 2 Ag recognition sites

what is TCR

membrane bound, one Ag recognition site

what is Cell mediated adaptive immunity

1. TCR on naive T cell binds to foreign Ag in a MHC molecule 2. co-stimulation between APC surface molecules and T cell molecules 3. cytokines lead to proliferation/survival of T Cell, others to activtion happens in lymph nodes

Describe CD4 Th1 cells

activate macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria help regenerate CTL by producing IL-2

describe CD4 Th2 cells

expulsion of helminths - secrete cytokines like IL-5 to recruit esoinophils and mast cells taht then release toxins/enzymes to kill the helminth activation of B cells

how can antibodies protect from pathogens

neutralize antigens/toxins prevent attachment of viruses to cells immobilize bacteria (block cilia/flagella) enhance phagocytosis activate compliment (can kill bacteria with it)

what Ab crosses the placenta? found in milk?

IgG IgA

what organs are part of the immune system

Bone marrow lymph node thymus spleen

what are lymphatics

collect fluid from extremeties and return it to the heart, immune organs connect directly to lymphatics