Module 11 Flashcards
Describe anti-fungal agents
azoles or polyenes
function azoles
inhibit cell membrane synthesis of ergosterol
small molecule, easily absorbed
Lotrimin and monsitat useful in topical preps
fluconazole used to treat Candida (avoid in 1st tri)
Nizoral used for serious infections (avoid in pregnancy)
describe Ketoconazole
orally or topically
can cause hepatic toxicity
teratogenic –> too many or too few fingers
at high doses may block steriod levels –> may impact contraceptives or lead to gynecomastia (big man boob)
describe Polyenes
Amphotericin B (given through IV, oral or topical)and Nystatin (topical)
bind to cell membrane cause leakage and cell death
selective toxicity bc humans do not have the binding site
used to treat serious fungal infections
describe amphotericin
used to treat serious infections
safe in pregnancy
describe nystatin
used to treat candida in mouth, mucous membranes
athletes food
describe anti-virals
for HIV, HEP B/C and flu
virustatic not virucidal –> suppress replication not kill viruses
site of action anti-virals
absorption to stop attachment
penetration and uncoating
viral DNA/RNA synthesis
viral protein synthesis
assembly
release
antiherpes virus agents
acyclovir, grnciclovir, valaciclovir
inhibit DNA polymerase for one or more members of the herpes family
minimal toxic side effects
active only in infected cells
anti-virals for HSV and pregnancy
people with recurrent genital HSV infection should be offered anti-viral suppressants at 36 wks to decrease risk of clinical lesions and viral shedding at delivery
describe nucleoside inhibitors
acyclovir is a pro drug that is inactivated until phosphorylated by the HSV thymidine kinase
once converted to the triphosphate form it inhibits viral DNA polymerase
incorporated in viral DNA and leads to chain termination
antiretroviral therapy
aims to keep plasma HIV load low to maintain CD4 count
agents include nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
therapy with combinations of anti-retroviral drugs is referred to as antiretroviral therapy
describe amantadine
inhibits an early step in viral replication
alter hemagglutinin processing
given prophylactically or as treatment
describe Zanamivir/Oseltamivir
neuraminidase inhibitors
act against influenza A/B
describe antihepatitis agents
aim to reduce risk of liver cirrhosis and carcinoma by keeping HBV/HCV levels low
Hep B –> IFN or nucleoside/tide agalogues
Hep C –> antivirals to prevent virus replication to “cure 90% of cases”
describe antiviral resistance
in comparison to antibiotics, resistance in uncommonolp[
‘‘ds
describe general concepts of vaccines
provide active immunization through adaptive immune system
describe passive immunization
provided by antiserum or immunoglobulin
temporary immunity
what is a vaccine
biological prep designed to induce an adaptive immune response to pathogen so during next exposure person is protected
aims of vaccination
for individuals
reduce/prevent symptoms of infectious disease
for society
prevent transmission of infectious disease
eradicate disease from humans
types of approved vaccines
live attenuated
inactivated –> whole, fractional (subunit, toxoid, polysaccharide based)
mRNA
Viral vectored
what is attenuated
virus still infects humans and replicates
usually has reduced replication, assembly or release
stays within local injection site
allows immune response to occur to clear virus without big infection spread
benefits of live attenuated vaccines
works well for viruses
mimics infection –> develops full immune response against pathogen
Ab and cellular mediated
most potent
risks of live attenuated vaccines
risk of reversion to wild type of virus
cant be give to everybody
need to be kept cold to maintain activity
