Module 4 Flashcards
What are the basic inborn emotions?
Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust
When does the social smile usually appear?
Around 2 months
When do negative emotions appear?
Around 6 months
When do self-conscious emotions appear?
15-18 months
What is emotion regulation?
Ability to control emotions
When do voluntary motor behaviors typically begin?
Around 3 months
When does self soothing appear?
Around 12 months
When can children act on distressing situations?
Around 18 months
What is sensitive caregiving?
Modeling, reinforcement, touch
Be considerate of what child needs and how to comfort
What is social referencing?
Child looks to other people for how to react
How does exposure to early life stress affect an infant?
Trauma can exert biological effects on emotional development
Can also disrupt the caregiving environemnt
What are emotional display rules?
Which emotions are considered acceptable to culture
What is stranger wariness?
The fear of unfamiliar people
This is usually common in north America but not so much in other cultures
What determines the temperament?
Biology and genetics
What are the three main styles of temperament?
Easy temperament - positive mood, even-tempered, adaptable
Difficult temperament - irritable and irregular in biological rhythms
Slow to warm up - moody, inactive, and slow to adapt
What are the other three temperament dimensions proposed by Mary Rothbart?
Extraversion - Socialable, energetic
Negative affectivity - Negative mood
Effortful control - Regulate own emotions
What is goodness of fit?
How well the child fits with their environment
What are some cultural differences in temperament?
Baby that is not encouraged to express emotion will usually be easy temperament
What influences an infant’s temperament?
Caregiver bond and the caregivers temperament
What is attachment?
The lasting emotional bond between people, usually effects emotional and social development
What is Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of attachment?
Is an adaptive behavior that has evolved for survival
What is an internal working model?
Childs expectations about whether they are worthy of love and how they will be treated
If child does not trust the parent, then they will not trust other people
What was Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?
A test done to test the type of attachment style a child demonstrates
What are the four main attachment styles?
Secure - Child feels safe, and explores room with caregiver as the base
Insecure avoidant - Child shows little interest in caregiver
Insecure resistant - Child is clingy at first and gets upset when mom leaves, clingy but does not want attention from mom
Insecure disorganized - Child shows inconsistent responses, seen as insecure or confused
What is the outcome for a child with secure attachment?
Positive socioemotional development
What are some things that influence attachment?
Caregiver giving consistent, sensitive response
Affects of conflict and environment
Angry tones can upset baby
Insecure avoidant usually comes from caregiver unavailability
How does maternal depression affect attachment?
Difficulty of care
Mothers become less responsive and affectionate
More negative behaviors and emotions
But, infant can still form secure attachment as long as basic needs are still met
What factors can affect the stability of attachment?
Low SES, family, and community stressors, and availability of support can influence stability of attachment
What are some differences in attachment across cultures?
Western cultures emphasize individuality while Eastern cultures emphasize collectivism
Western Europe tends to have more avoidant attachment
Japan has a more resistant attachment
Avoidant is not seen in West Africa
What is self-awareness?
The ability to physically separate self from environment
Infants start to realize that their behaviors have effects when they interact with other people/objects
What is self recognition? What connections are formed in the brain?
It is the ability to recognize self, encourages connections between the frontal and the temporoparietal lobes
What is the categorical self?
Self description based on broad categories
What is self-control? What part of the brain is this associated with?
One must be aware of oneself as separate from others to comply with requests/modify behavior
Associated with frontal lobe development
