Module 1 Flashcards
Understanding Human Development
What is lifespan human development?
The ways people grow, change or stay the same throughout life
Multiple stages with unique challenges
Change is an indicator of development
In what ways is development multidimensional?
Physical - aging and body maturation
Cognitive - how the brain works
Socioemotional - personality, expressing emotions, how you socialize
In what ways is development multidirectional?
Growth and decline
Plasticity - can learn new ways of behaving
Resilience - adapting to adiversity
What are the different contexts that influence development?
Age-graded influence - an influence that is directly linked to age
History-graded influence - reflects influences from a unique historical event
Cohort - generational influence
Non-normative influence - Influenced by events that are not experienced by most people
Cultural context - customs, knowledge, attitudes, and values of a group
In what ways is developmental science multidisciplinary?
it involves work of people from multiple diciplines
Example: genetics, psychology, etc.
Compare continuous and discontinuous change.
Continuous happens gradually in small increments
Discontinuous happens abruptly in stages
In what ways is development active?
Individuals are active in their own development
Interactions with the surrounding world
What are the stages of Freud’s psychosexual theory?
Oral, Phallic, Latency, and Genital
There is a greater focus on development being influenced by nature
Describe Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory.
Erikson’s theory focuses on all stages of life, and there is a unique development task at each stage
People are actively involved in their environments.
What is behaviorism?
The focus on what can be observed. Behavior influences environment
What is operant conditioning?
Created by Skinner, focuses on rewarding good behavior and punishing bad behavior
Reinforcement vs Punishment
What is social learning theory?
Individuals are influenced by their environment and play an active role in their development
Learning through actions of others
Created by Bandura
What is observational learning?
Learning through imitation
What is reciprocal determinism?
Individuals and environment are both influencing each other
What is Piaget’s cognitive-development theory?
Individuals organize information into cognitive schemas
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?
Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interactions
What is Brofenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory?
People interact with their contexts and change within the contexts they live in
What are the different environments of Brofenbrenner’s theory?
Microsystems: interactions with the immediate physical and social environment
Mesosystem: Relationships among microsystems
Exosystems are settings where individuals are not participants but are still affected. Example: parents work place, school board, etc.
Macrosystem: Indirectly influences children, cultural values, policies, and other elements of society at large. Examples: culture systems, education systems, etc.
Chronosystem: How people and contexts change overtime. Example: how time and life events influence an individuals life
What is ethology?
Scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior
What are the gene-environment interactions?
Passive gene-environment correlation: Parents support their own preferences
Evocative gene-environment correlation: Child’s genetic traits influence environment
Niche picking: Seeks experiences compatible with genetics
What is the epigenetic framework?
Environment determines genes that are expressed
