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Biology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a plant?

A

a multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food through photosynthesis and has an embryo that develops within a protected environment of the female parent

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2
Q

What do plants use nitrogen for?

A

to build proteins

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3
Q

What do plants use phosphorus for?

A

to make ATP

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4
Q

What do plants use salts for?

A

to create a concentration gradient between the inside and outside of cells

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5
Q

What are the basic structures of a plant and their primary functions?

A

Roots- obtain nutrients
Stem- structure that supports leaves
Leaves- photosynthetic organ of plant

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6
Q

Do all plants carry out photosynthesis?

A

No, some are parasites and steal nutrients from other plants

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7
Q

How do plants resist predators?

A

thorns, chemicals

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8
Q

What are the four main groups of plants?

A

Non-vascular, vascular seedless, gymnosperms, angiosperms

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9
Q

What is the ancestor of land plants?

A

Green algae- multicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryotic
only live in water or very moist surfaces

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10
Q

What is the first evolutionary step in plants moving from water to land?

A

Resist drying out

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11
Q

What challenges did plants face when growing on land?

A

gravity- grew close to ground like moss
resist drying out- cuticle, shiny, waxy layer on stems and leaves

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12
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

an infrastructure of tubes that begins in the roots and extends to the leaves

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Horsetails?

A

vascular seedless plant
grow in wet habitats
develop hollow tubes
thin leaves have single vessel from base to tip

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Ferns?

A

vascular seedless plant
have central vessel and vessels extending from the central to the edge of each leaflet

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15
Q

How do Horsetails reproduce?

A

Spores- central hollow stem is topped by a conical structure where haploid spores are produced and released

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16
Q

How do Ferns reproduce?

A

Spores- Ferns have sporangia under the leaves where spores are produced
(haploid gametophyte is simpler and smaller than the diploid sporophyte)

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17
Q

What is the life cycle of ferns?

A

Mature Fern
haploid spores
gametophyte- prothallus, living haploid stage
haploid gametes- sperm and egg
fertilization
diploid zygote

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18
Q

What are the two types of seeded plants?

A

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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19
Q

What adaptations occurred in seed plants?

A

Seed- embryonic plant
Pollen- male gamete

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20
Q

What are the structures in seeds?

A

seed coat- protection
endosperm- nutritive tissue

Embryo
cotyledons- leaves
hypocotyl- stem
radicle- roots

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21
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

“naked seed”
no fruit, no flowers
Have cone like reproductive structures
typically wind pollinated

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22
Q

What are the 4 major groups of gymnosperms?

A

conifers
gingkos
cycad
gnetophytes

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23
Q

What is the life cycle of gymnosperms?

A

diploid sporophyte (mature plant)
male and female cones (spores to gametophytes)
pollen enters ovule (haploid)
fertilization
embryo forms
seed drops out of female cone

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24
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

“covered seed”
seed surrounded by fruit
have flowers
most diverse

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25
Q

What are the 2 main groups of angiosperms?

A

Monocots
Dicots (Eudicots)

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26
Q

What are the 5 differences between monocots and eudicots?

A

Cotyledon- monocot 1, eudicot 2
Veins- monocot parallel, eudicot netted
Stem vascular bundles- monocot scattered, eudicot ring
Roots- monocot fibrous, eudicot taproots
Petals- monocot 3, eudicot 4 or 5

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27
Q

Why are angiosperms so diverse?

A

adaptations selected for by different animal pollinators and seed dispersers

28
Q

What are the structures in a flower?

A

male- stamen (anther and filament)
female- pistil (stigma, style, ovary)
petal
sepal

29
Q

What is pollination?

A

movement of pollen from anther to a stigma

30
Q

Why are flowers and nectar worth the cost?

A

animal pollination is less random than wind (less pollen needed)
promote cross pollination (more genetic diversity)
increases likelihood of receiving pollen from the same species
animals carry pollen longer distances

31
Q

How do plants attract pollinators?

A

Flowers- offer pollen as a reward
advertise with bright colors, showy flowers, sweet scents

32
Q

What is the life cycle of angiosperms?

A

Diploid sporophyte (anther and ovary)
haploid spores
haploid gametophytes
haploid gametes (egg and sperm)
FERTILIZATION
diploid embryo

33
Q

What is a fruit?

A

mature ovary with seed
as seeds mature the flower withers and the ovary becomes fruit
Not all are edible

34
Q

What are the 3 types of tissues in angiosperms?

A

Dermal tissue- outer most layer
Ground tissue- between dermal and vascular
Vascular tissue- tubes throughout plant

35
Q

What are the characteristics of dermal tissue?

A

covers and protects entire plant
secretes cuticle (except roots)
may have trichomes (small hairs to deter herbivores)
has stomata and guard cells

36
Q

How is gas exchange controlled in plants?

A

Guard cells change their shape to open or close stomata letting gas into or out of the plant

37
Q

What are the characteristics of ground tissue?

A

makes up the majority of the plant
responsible for most photosynthesis
storage and protection
3 types: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

38
Q

What are the characteristics of vascular tissue?

A

transportation of materials
xylem- xylem sap (water and minerals) from roots to the rest of the plant
phloem- phloem sap (water, minerals, sugars) to tissues needing fuel

39
Q

What are the functions and types of roots?

A

absorption, anchorage, storage
2 types: taproot, fibrous root

40
Q

What is the anatomy of roots?

A

vascular bundle in center, surrounded by ground tissue, outer layer of dermal tissue
root hairs (epidermal cells) increase surface area

41
Q

What is the function of stems?

A

structural support
growth and orient leaves towards sun
houses infrastructure for transportation

42
Q

What is the anatomy of stems?

A

outer layer of dermal tissue, mostly ground tissue with vascular bundles scattered throughout
meristem- region where growth happens

43
Q

What is the anatomy of a leaf?

A

waxy cuticle
non-photosynthetic epidermal cells
photosynthetic cells
vascular tissue
non-photosynthetic epidermal cells and stomata

44
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

a community of biological organisms plus the non living components in the environment

45
Q

What is the biotic environment?

A

all living organisms in an area, referred to as a community

46
Q

What is the abiotic environment?

A

abiotic- the organisms habitat
chemical resources of the soil, water, air
physical conditions (temp, salinity, moisture, humidity, energy sources)

47
Q

What are the 4 trophic levels?

A

Producers- plants (some algae & bacteria)
Primary consumers- herbivores
Secondary consumers- carnivores
Tertiary consumers- top carnivores

48
Q

Why is the energy pyramid inefficient?

A

10% rule, only 10% of energy is converted to biomass
non-predatory deaths are a waste
explains rarity of top carnivores

49
Q

What is essential for life?

A

energy- from sun
essential chemicals- fixed by plants carried through trophic levels

50
Q

Where is carbon found?

A

OCEANS
atmosphere
terrestrial organisms
fossil deposits

51
Q

How does carbon cycle through ecosystems?

A

plants take CO2 from atmosphere for photosynthesis, use carbon to make sugars, release O2, moves up chain when eaten

52
Q

Where is nitrogen found?

A

78% of atmosphere is nitrogen

53
Q

How does nitrogen cycle through ecosystems?

A

some bacteria can break nitrogen bonds and attach it to hydrogen, further modified to make ammonia, used by plants, moves up chain when eaten

54
Q

Where is phosphorus found?

A

soil

55
Q

How does phosphorous cycle through ecosystems?

A

converted into phosphates (used for ATP and DNA), used by plants, goes up chain when eaten

56
Q

What is the problem with fertilizers?

A

Contains high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus
rain washes these into lakes, ponds, rivers
Algae grows, dies, sinks
Bacteria eat algae and use up O2 in water
Animal life in water dies

57
Q

What does an organisms niche encompass?

A

-space it requires
-type and amount of food it consumes
-organisms for which it is a food source
-influence on competitors
-timing of its reproduction
-temp and moisture requirements
-any other way it uses or influences its environment

58
Q

What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche?

A

fundamental- the range of conditions under which the organism can SURVIVE
realized- the range of conditions under which the organism THRIVES

59
Q

What are the two outcomes possible between organisms in similar niches?

A

competitive exclusion (more efficient wins, other extinction in that location)
resource partitioning (behavior or structural change in order to share)

60
Q

What is predation?

A

an interaction between two species in which one species eats the other

61
Q

How do prey adapt to reduce predation?

A

physical (mechanical chemical, warning coloration, camouflage)
behavioral (hiding, escaping, alarm calling, fighting back)

62
Q

How do predators evolve to enhance predation?

A

evolve in parallel ways to prey (coevolve)
able to eat toxin without harm, mimicry

63
Q

What is the life-dinner hypothesis?

A

predator adaptations are not effective enough to cause extinction
selection for escape ability is stronger (under higher pressure) than selection for capture ability
one is risking life, the other is just risking dinner

64
Q

What is parasitism and its 2 forms?

A

a symbiotic relationship in which 1 organism benefits and the other is harmed
ectoparasites- live outside host
endoparasites- live inside host

65
Q

What are the methods for endoparasites to transfer hosts?

A

1- induces foolish, fearless behavior (more likely to be eaten and spread)
2- induces inappropriate aggression (rabies)
3- induces bizarre and risky behavior (zombie-maker)

66
Q

What is mutualism?

A

everybody wins
ex. coral and algae, flowers and pollinators

67
Q

What is commensalism?

A

there is a winner but there is no loser
ex. large mammal eats grass, insects stir and birds are able to eat them easier

Biology (6 decks)

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