Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major groups of chordates?

A

Vertebrates
Invertebrates- tunicates, lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four distinctive chordate body structures?

A

Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Gill slits
Post anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of tunicates?

A

Invertebrate marine animal
Defined tissues
Bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of lancelets?

A

Defined tissues
Bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes
Filter feeding
Live in coastal waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of vertebrates (chordates)?

A

Defined tissues
Bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What differences do vertebrate chordates have that invertebrates don’t?

A

Backbone
Head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the vertebrates backbone?

A

Column made from hollow bones called vertebrae
Forms around notochord
Surrounds and protects dorsal hollow nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the vertebrates head?

A

At the front end of organism
Contains skull, brain, and sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two current types of jawless fish?

A

Lampreys
Hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many fins do fish have?

A

7
Drive forward, minimize rolling, steer, stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three categories of jawed fishes?

A

Cartilaginous
Ray-finned
Lobe-finned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are cartilaginous fishes?

A

Shark and rays
Whole skeleton made of cartilage, solid but flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are ray-finned fishes?

A

Typical fish
Skeletons made of bone
Less flexible than cartilaginous
Mouth at end of narrow tip of body
Find made from webs of skin and supported by rays of bone
SWIM BLADDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a lobe-finned fish?

A

Sturdy fins on the underside of the body
Central appendage containing bones and muscles that connect the fins to the body
Lobe fins useful in transition to land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the swim bladder and what fish have them?

A

Gas filled organ that keeps fish from sinking
Homologous to lungs

Ray-finned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the four major evolutionary adaptations that helped the move to land?

A

Lungs
Backbone
Four legs
Eggs that don’t dry out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the steps for gas exchange in aquatic vertebrates?

A
  1. Fish takes gulp of water through mouth
  2. Water exits through small holes on side of its head
  3. Gas exchange takes place as water passes through the gills

DO NOT BREATHE IN/OUT, single direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the structure of gills?

A

Bony or cartilaginous gill arches
Each gill looks like hair comb with teeth
Each comb tooth supports long filaments
Each filament is made up of stacks of hundreds of disc like structures, LAMELLAE (where gas exchange occurs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does blood circulation occur in gills?

A

O2 and CO2 pass through direct diffusion
Countercurrent exchange- blood moves in opposite direction than water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The ancestors of all vertebrates that live on land have what two characteristics?

A

Lungs
Four legs

21
Q

What are the two main groups of terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Non-amniotes: lay eggs in water, ex amphibians
Amniotes: have amniotic eggs, ex reptiles birds mammals

22
Q

What stages do amphibians go through?

A
  1. Water breathing juvenile form
  2. Air breathing adult form
23
Q

What are some examples of amphibians and their characteristics?

A

Frogs and toads (also salamanders)

Tadpole, eat algae
Complete metamorphosis occurs, adult lungs, legs, digestive system, carnivore

Thin, moist skin where gas exchange takes place

24
Q

What are the lineages of amniotic vertebrae?

A

Mammals
Reptiles (includes birds)

25
Q

What makes birds, crocodiles and dinosaurs similar?

A

Bones (skull and legs)
DNA sequences

26
Q

What makes birds unique?

A

Have feathers and can fly
Birds are endotherms, reptiles are ectotherms

27
Q

Why do birds have feathers?

A

Courtship
Aggressive displays

Originated in dinosaurs

28
Q

What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?

A

Endotherms- internally generate heat through cellular respiration to raise body temp above air temp

Ectotherms- use sun to raise body temp and shade to cool body temp

29
Q

Explain breathing in terrestrial vertebrates.

A

Gas exchange takes place in lungs.
Air through mouth/nose (warm and moist)
Pharynx to trachea
2 bronchi
Bronchi branch until small bronchioles
Dead ends are alveoli (thin walls), covered in capillaries (also thin walls) direct diffusion of O2 & CO2

30
Q

What are the common characteristics of mammals?

A

Hair
Mammary glands
Viviparity- give birth to babies (not defining, monotremes differ)

31
Q

What evolutionary adaptation occurred in mammals?

A

Long vertical legs

Run faster and farther but increases metabolism plus hair, sets stage for endothermy

32
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Mammals that produce milk but have no nipples
Mammary glands open on skin

Ex platypus

33
Q

What are the two lineages of mammals?

A

Marsupials- pouched mammals, viviparous but have developmental period in pouch of female abdomen (ex. Kangaroo)

Placentals- have placenta, transfer nutrients, gasses and metabolic waste

34
Q

What are the four steps in the process of food intake?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

35
Q

Explain the structures and steps of ingestion.

A

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands
Saliva contains alpha amylase (enzyme that breaks down starch)

Epiglottis closed trachea, food goes through esophagus via peristalsis

36
Q

Explain the structures and steps of digestion.

A

Physically and chemically breakdown food into absorbable molecules in stomach and small intestine

Stomach-Breaks down food via smooth muscle contraction
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin break down proteins
Chyme- acidic, creamy liquid enters small intestine

Pancreas- juice neutralizes acidic chyme, breaks down carbs and proteins

Liver- bile to gallbladder to small intestine, breaks down fats

37
Q

Explain the structures and steps of absorption.

A

Energy rich particles taken from digestive tract to blood stream

Surface area! Villi and microvilli line small intestine, nooks and crannies

Simple sugars and amino acids must come in direct contact with cells membrane

Fatty acids, minerals, vitamins also absorbed

38
Q

Explain the structures and steps of elimination.

A

What is left of chyme enters large intestine

Rectum- stores feces until defecated

Bacterial colonies called normal flora, release biotin and vitamin k

Fiber cannot be absorbed and helps move feces through large intestine

39
Q

What are the main functions of vertebrae circulation?

A

Transport (O2, metabolic waste, nutrients, hormones)
Body temperature regulation (blood vessels contract and expand)
Protection (white blood cells, platelets)

40
Q

What are the types of circulatory systems?

A

Open (insects and most mollusks)
Closed (all vertebrates)

41
Q

What is the fluid in an open circulatory system called?

A

Hemolymph

Same fxn as blood, transports nutrients, gasses, and waste products to cells

42
Q

Explain the process of open circulation.

A

Heart or hearts pump hemolymph throughout extracellular spaces
Vessels collect hemolymph back to pumps
One way system with valves

43
Q

What is the fluid in a closed circulatory system called?

A

Blood

Always in a vessel, physically and chemically separated from interstitial fluid

44
Q

What are small blood vessels called?

A

Capillaries, pass very close to alveoli and cells allowing direct diffusion of O2 and metabolic waste to pass back and forth

45
Q

Explain the circulatory system in fish.

A

Closed system in circular path
2 chambers

Atria
Ventricle
Gills
Tissues

46
Q

Explain the circulatory system in mammals and birds.

A

Closed
4 chambers

Pulmonary circuit-
Right atria
Right ventricle
Lungs

Systemic circuit-
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Body tissues

Repeat

47
Q

Explain the circulatory system in amphibians.

A

Closed
2 circuit flow
3 chambers- 2 atria, 1 ventricle

Blood from lungs and body collect in left and right atria, both go to one ventricle but do not mix

48
Q

Explain the circulatory system in reptiles.

A

Most reptiles except birds have 3 chambers

49
Q

Why are crocodiles cool?

A

4 chambers
Extra artery that allows them to skip the pulmonary circuit
Blood from the right ventricle can be sent to the body instead of lungs so they can stay under water longer

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions