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CBE 2290 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three things that differentiate a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryote?

A
  1. have membrane-bound organelles that perform specific functions
  2. eukaryotes are more structurally complex
  3. generally larger
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2
Q

What is a membrane-delimited nuclei?

A

when the nucleus is separated by a double layer called the nuclear envelope

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3
Q

The ____________ is based on eukaryotic membranes

A

fluid mosaic model

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4
Q

Draw a fluid mosaic model rn and label it

A

check notes

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5
Q

What are lipid rafts and what is their function?

A
  • microdomains found in eukaryotic membranes
  • participate in cell processes such as cell movement and transduction
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6
Q

What do lipid rafts contain high concentrations of?

A

certain lipids and proteins

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7
Q

Where do organelles lie in eukaryotic cells?

A

The cytoplasmic matrix

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8
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

a vast network of interconnected filaments within the cytoplasmic matrix

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9
Q

What filaments form the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
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10
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

plays a role in both cell shape and cell movement

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11
Q

What are microfilaments and what is their function?

A
  • minute acting pr- filaments
  • involved in cell motion and shape changes
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12
Q

how large are microfilaments and how are they organized?

A
  • 4-7nm in diameter
  • scattered or organized into networks and parallel arrays
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13
Q

What are microtubules and what are their functions?

A
  • made of proteins a-tubulin and b-tubulin
  • maintain cell shape, cell movement, participate in intracellular transport processes
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14
Q

What is the shape and size of microtubules?

A

shaped like thin cylinders
~25nm in diameter

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15
Q

What are intermediate filaments and what is their function

A
  • heterogeneous
  • role is unclear but some form nuclear lamina and others help link cells together to form tissues
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16
Q

What are the organelles in secretory and endocytic systems?

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
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17
Q

Describe the process of the secretory pathway

A
  1. pr- synthesis by ribosomes on the rough ER are released in small vesicles
  2. go to Cis face of Golgi Apparatus
  3. go to Trans face of Golgi Apparatus
  4. Transport vesicles released from Golgi Apparatus
  5. After release, some deliver to lysosomes, others to cell membrane
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18
Q

What is the endoplasmic retuiculum?

A

irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and flattened sacs

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19
Q

What are Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum’s?

A
  • synthesis of secreted pr-
  • have ribosomes attached
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20
Q

What are Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum’s?

A
  • synthesis of lipids by ER-associated enzymes
  • no ribosomes (that’s why its smooth)
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21
Q

What are 3 functions of the ER?

A
  1. transports pr-, lipids, and other materials within the cell
  2. major site of cell membrane synthesis
  3. synthesis of lysosomes
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22
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus and what is its function?

A
  • Membranous organelle made of cisternae stacked on each other
  • involved in modification, packaging and secretion of materials
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23
Q

What are dictyosomes?

A

stacks of cisternae

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24
Q

What are lysosomes and what is their function?

A
  • membrane-bound vesicles found in most eukaryotes
  • involved in intracellular digestion
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25
Q

Where are hydrolases found?

A

In lysosomes

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26
Q

What are hydrolases?

A

enzymes that hydrolyze molecules and function best under slightly acidic conditions

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27
Q

How do hydrolases maintain an acidic environment?

A

they pump protons into their interior

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28
Q

How is cellular digestion kept safe from harming the cytoplasm?

A

digestion occurs inside lysosomes, preventing the release of digestive enzymes into the cytoplasmic matrix

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29
Q

What happens to the products of digestion inside lysosomes?

A

As the contents are digested, the products leave the lysosome and can be used as nutrients by the cell

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30
Q

What is the name of a lysosome after digestion is complete?

A

residual body

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31
Q

How can the cell get rid of the contents of a residual body?

A

A residual body can release its contents to the cell exterior through lysosome secretion

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32
Q

What is the function of the Biosynthetic-Secretory Pathway?

A

It moves materials to lysosomes, and from inside the cell to the cell membrane or exterior

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33
Q

How does the cell ensure quality in the Secretory Pathway?

A

Unfolded or misfolded pr- are secreted into the cytosol, where they are targeted for destruction and broken down

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34
Q

What targets the misfolded pr- for destruction?

A

ubiquitin polypeptides

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35
Q

What breaks the misfolded pr- down?

A

proteasomes

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36
Q

What is the main function of the endocytic pathway?

A

used to bring materials into the cell through endocytosis

37
Q

How are solutes or particles brought into the cell during endocytosis?

A

they are enclosed in vesicles pinched from the plasma membrane and brought into the cell

38
Q

What type of materials can some cells engulf during endosytosis?

A

some cells can engulf larger particles, including other cells

39
Q

What happens to many materials after they are brought into the cell via endocytosis?

A

materials are delivered to lysosomes, where they are destroyed

40
Q

What are 3 different types of endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis
  3. Caveolae-dependent endocytosis
41
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the use of cell surface protrusions to surround and engulf particles, forming vesicles called phagosomes

42
Q

What is Clathrin-dependent endocytosis?

A

Membrane regions covered in clathrin, known as coated pits, contain receptors that specifically bind to macromolecules. When these pits pinch off from the membrane, they form clathrin-coated vesicles.

43
Q

What is caveolae-dependent endocytosis?

A

involves membrane regions rich in cholesterol and caveolin. When these regions pinch off, they form caveolar vesicles.

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Caveolar vesicles do NOT deliver their contents to lysosomes

A

TRUE

45
Q

What roles might caveolae-dependent endocytosis play in a cell?

A
  • single transduction
  • transport of small molecules and macromolecules
46
Q

What are eukaryotic ribosomes made of and what is their size?

A
  • composed of pr- and RNA
  • size of 80S
47
Q

Where can eukaryotic ribosomes be found in the cell?

A

attached to the ER or free in the cytoplasm

48
Q

What is the fate of pr- made of ribosomes attached to the rough ER?

A

pr- are often secreted or inserted into the ER membrane as integral membrane proteins

49
Q

What is the fate of pr- made by free ribosomes?

A
  • Typically non-secretory and nonmembrane pr-
  • can also be inserted into organelles
50
Q

What are the key functions of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • site of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
  • also where ATP is generated
51
Q

ATP is generated by…

A

electron transport and phosphorylation

52
Q

What unique features do mitochondria contain?

A
  • ribosomes
  • DNA (often in a closed circle)
  • calcium phosphate granules
53
Q

How are mitochondrial ribosomes and DNA similar to bacterial structures?

A
  • mitochondrial ribosomes are similar in size to bacterial ribosomes
  • DNA is often in closed circular form, also like bacterial DNA
54
Q

How do mitochondria reproduce?

A

binary fission (similar to prokaryotic cells)

55
Q

What is a key feature of the outer membrane of mitochondria?

A

the outer membrane contains porins, which are similar to those found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

56
Q

What is the function of the highly folded inner membrane in mitochondria?

A

folded into structures called cristae
- contains enzymes and electron carriers necessary for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

What can be found in the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondrial DNA
  • large calcium phosphate granules
  • enzymes for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid catabolism
58
Q

Where are the enzymes and electron carriers for oxidative phosphorylation located in the mitochondria?

A
  • inner membrane of the mitochondria
59
Q

What metabolic processes are supported by enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  1. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
  2. catabolism of fatty acids
60
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it contain?

A

the nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material

61
Q

What is chromatin and where is it found?

A

Chromatin is a dense fibrous material found within the nucleus. It contains DNA and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

62
Q

What happens to chromatin during cell division?

A

it condenses to form chromosomes

63
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope and what is its function?

A

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is penetrated by nuclear pores
- function: allows the passage of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

64
Q

How many nucleoli can be found in a nucleus?

A

1 or more nucleoli per nucleus

65
Q

Is the NUCLEOLUS membrane-bound?

A

No, not membrane enclosed

66
Q

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

A

important for ribosome synthesis

67
Q

What specific roles does the nucleolus play in ribosome synthesis?

A
  • directs the synthesis and processing of rRNA
  • assembles rRNA with ribosomal pr- to form ribosomes
68
Q

What is mitosis and what role does it play in the cell cycle?

A

mitosis is a component of the cell cycle that distributes DNA to 2 new nuclei

69
Q

What is the ploidy (# of chromosomes) of progeny cells after mitosis compared to the parent cell?

A

same as the parent cell, so a diploid organism remains diploid after mitosis

70
Q

What is meiosis and when does it occur?

A

meiosis is the sexual phase of the life cycle and involves a complex, two-stage process of nuclear division

71
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes during meiosis?

A

of chromosomes is reduced by 1/2, converting diploid cells to haploid cells

72
Q

What is the significance of haploid cells produced by meiosis?

A

haploid cells can act as gametes, which are necessary for sexual reproduction

73
Q

How do external cell coverings differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • eukaryotes lack a cell wall
  • eukaryotes often contain sterols, which enhances mechanical strength and reduces the need for a cell wall
74
Q

What is an example of a sterol?

A

Cholesterol

75
Q

What are some characteristics of external cell walls in eukaryotes?

A

most eukaryotes have an external cell wall that is rigid and have variable make-up

76
Q

What are diatoms composed of

A

silica

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: external cell walls of eukaryotes are chemically simpler than bacterial peptidoglycan

A

TRUE

78
Q

What is a pellicle and where is it found?

A

supportive mechanism found below the plasma membrane in many protists

79
Q

What are the characteristics of cilia?

A
  • 5-20um long
  • beat with 2 phases, functioning like oars for movement
80
Q

How do flagella differ from cilia in structure and movement?

A
  • 100-200um long
  • move in an undulating fashion (contrast from oar-like motion)
81
Q

What is “Molecular Unity?”

A
  1. Same basic chemical composition
  2. Same genetic code
  3. Same metabolic processes
82
Q

Does DNA synthesis happen BEFORE or AFTER the cells enter mitosis?

A

BEFORE

83
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
84
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • nucleolus disappears
85
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • nuclear membrane dissoves @ beginning
  • chromosomes become captured by microtubules
  • chromosomes become aligned in centre of cell
86
Q

What happens at the very beginning of metaphase?

A

nuclear membrane dissolves

87
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • contraction of microtubules pulls apart
  • chromosomes turn into sister chromosomes and move to opposite ends of cell
88
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • nucleus and nucleoli reform
  • cytoplasm divides
  • cleavage

CBE 2290 (12 decks)

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