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CBE 2290 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cocci

A

spherical

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2
Q

Bacilli

A

rod shaped

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3
Q

Vibrio

A

curved rod

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4
Q

Spirilla

A

rigid helices

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5
Q

Spirochetes

A

flexible helices

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6
Q

Mycelium

A

multinucleated filamen

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7
Q

Pleomorphic

A

variable in shape

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8
Q

Diplococci

A

2 spheres

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9
Q

Streptococci

A

chain of spheres

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10
Q

Staphylococci

A

cluster of spheres

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11
Q

Tetrads

A

groups of 4 (cube)

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12
Q

Sarcinae

A

groups of 8 (cube)

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13
Q

Coccobacilli

A

short rods

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14
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  • membrane that encompasses the cytoplasm
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15
Q

What are the 4 functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. separates cell from its environment
  2. selectively permeable barrier
  3. location of vital metabolic processes
  4. detects and responds to chemicals in surroundings with the aid of receptor molecules
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16
Q

What are integral proteins, what is their function and where are they found?

A
  • protein that passes through both layers of the cell membrane
  • acts as a transport channel
  • found in cell membrane
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17
Q

What is the different between a peripheral membrane pr- and an integral pr-?

A

integral pr- DOES pass through membrane whereas other one DOESN’T

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18
Q

What does an peripheral membrane protein do?

A

regulates signaling

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19
Q

What are Membrane Lipids composed of?

A
  • composed of polar and non-polar ends, making it amphipathic
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20
Q

What are the polar ends of the membrane lipids

A

They are the head of the lipid and are hydrophilic, meaning they interact with water

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21
Q

What are the non-polar ends of the membrane lipid

A

They are the tail of the lipid and are hydrophobic, meaning they stay away from water

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22
Q

What are bacterial membranes

A

highly organized, asymmetric, flexible, dynamic membranes

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23
Q

How do bacterial membranes differ from eukaryotic membranes

A

bacterial membranes lack sterols and instead contain hopanoids

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24
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

Sterol-like molecules that stabilize the membrane

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25
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall

A
  • rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
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26
Q

What are 3 functions of the bacterial cell wall?

A
  1. provides characteristic chape to cell
  2. protects the cell from cell explosion (osmotic lysis)
  3. can contribute to pathogenicity
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27
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

mesh-like polymer composed of identical subunits

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28
Q

What is in peptidoglycan?

A
  • several different amino acids
  • chains of linked peptidoglycan subunits which are crosslinked by peptides
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29
Q

What are 3 things found in Gram (+) cell walls

A
  • primarily peptidoglycan
  • large amounts of teichoic acids
  • some bacteria have layer of pr- on the surface of the peptidoglycan
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30
Q

What are teichoic acids and what is their function?

A
  • polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups
  • play a role in maintaining the cell wall structure
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31
Q

What is the periplasmic space

A

space that lies between plasma membrane and cell wall

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32
Q

what are exoenzymes?

A

enzymes secreted by gram (+) bacteria

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33
Q

what happens when something remains in the periplasmic space?

A

usually attaches to the plasma membrane

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34
Q

what are exoenzymes similar to and why?

A

periplasmic enzymes found gram (-) bacteria because they perform many of the same functions

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35
Q

what is a role of the periplasmic space?

A

degrading nutrients for transport across the membrane

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36
Q

What is found in gram (-) cell walls?

A
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • surrounded by an outer membrane
  • large periplasmic space
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37
Q

What is the outer membrane of a gram (-) cell composed of?

A

Lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides

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38
Q

Can teichoic acids be found in gram (-) cell walls?

A

NO

39
Q

True or False: Gram (-) cell walls are more complex than gram (+)

A

TRUE!

40
Q

What is the purpose of Braun’s lipoproteins?

A

connects outer membrane to peptidoglycan in a gram (-) cell

41
Q

Is the periplasmic layer the same in both gram (+) and gram (-) cells? why or why not?

A

No, the gram (-) has a much larger periplasmic space with many enzymes present

42
Q

What are 5 roles of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)?

A
  • protection from host defenses (O side chain)
  • contributes to the (-) charge on cell surface
  • helps stabilize the outer membrane structure
  • may contribute to surface attachment and biofilm formation
  • aids in creating a permeability barrier
43
Q

What lipid can act as a toxin?

A

Lipid A

44
Q

Why is the outer membrane more permeable than the plasma membrane?

A

due to the presence of porin and transporter pr-

45
Q

What do porin pr- do?

A

form channels through which small molecules (600-700 daltons) can pass

46
Q

What is Osmotic lysis?

A

when the liquid outside a cell moves inside, causing it to burst (the movement of water causes swelling and lysis due to osmotic pressure)

47
Q

When can Osmotic lysis occur?

A

when cells are in hypotonic solutions

48
Q

How does the cell wall protect against osmotic lysis?

A
  • lysozyme breaks the bond between the N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
  • penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
49
Q

Where are intracytoplasmic membranes observed?

A
  • in many photosynthetic bacteria
  • in prokaryotes with respiratory activity
50
Q

What are Mesosomes and what is their function?

A
  • plasma membrane infoldings
  • function not agreed upon
51
Q

What are capsules?

A
  • sticky outer later usually composed of polysaccharides
  • well organized and not easily removed from cell
52
Q

What are slime layers and what makes them different from capsules?

A

similar to capsules except they diffuse, they’re unorganized and easily removed from cell

53
Q

What is Glycocalyx?

A

network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of the cell

54
Q

what can slime layers or capsules also be referred to as?

A

Glycocalyx IF they’re composed of polysaccharides

55
Q

What are S-Layers?

A

regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein

56
Q

In bacteria, the S layer is ________ to the cell wall

A

external

57
Q

Are S-layers uncommon in Archaea

A

NO - they’re quite common

58
Q

What are the 3 main functions of Capsules, Slime Layers, and S-Layers

A
  1. facilitate attachment to surfaces
  2. protection
  3. facilitate motility of gliding bacteria
59
Q

What are 3 examples of protection that capsules do?

A

protection from:
- host defenses
- harsh environmental conditions
- viral infection or predation by bacteria
- chemicals in environment
- osmotic stress

60
Q

Archaeal Membranes contain ________ linkages instead of ________ linkages

A

ether, ester

61
Q

What is a distinctive feature of Archaea?

A

Membrane lipids

62
Q

How many layers in Archaeal Membranes?

A

some are monolayer instead of bilayer (can be both)

63
Q

What do Archaeal cell walls consist of and what do they lack?

A
  • they lack peptidoglycan
  • usually consists of complex heteropolysaccharides
64
Q

Methanogens have walls containing ____________

A

pseudomurein

65
Q

What is the cytoplasmic matrix?

A

substance in which the nucleoid, ribosomes and inclusion bodies are suspended

66
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cytoplasmic matrix?

A
  1. plays a role in cell division
  2. pr- localization
  3. determination of cell shape
67
Q

What are 3 features of the cytoplasmic matrix

A
  • mostly water
  • lacks membrane-bound organelles
  • major part of the protoplasm
68
Q

What is the protoplasm

A

plasma membrane + everything within

69
Q

What are inclusion bodies?

A

granules of organic and inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

70
Q

What are the components of an inclusion body?

A
  • enclosed by a single layered membrane
  • membranes vary in composition (pr-, lipids)
71
Q

What are ribosomes and what is their function?

A
  • complex structures consisting of proteins and RNA
  • function: site of protein synthesis
72
Q

What is the Nucleoid and what does it contain?

A
  • irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm
  • contains chromosomes
73
Q

Is the nucleoid membrane bound?

A

no

74
Q

What are chromosomes?

A
  • closed, circular, doubled stranded DNA molecule
  • looped and coiled extensively
75
Q

What are plasmids?

A

small, closed circular DNA molecules - similar to chromosomes

76
Q

What are 2 differences between plasmids and chromosomes?

A
  1. plasmids are much smaller than chromosomes
  2. chromosomes contain essential genes for survival whereas plasmids contain advantageous genes
77
Q

What is curing

A

the loss of a plasmid

78
Q

What are Fimbriae and what is their function?

A
  • short, thin, hairlike proteinaceous appendages
  • function: mediate attachment to surfaces, can be required for twitching or gliding motility
79
Q

What type of Fimbriae is required for twitching or gliding motility?

A

type IV Fimbria

80
Q

What is Sex Pili and what is their function?

A
  • to fimbriae except longer, thicker and less per cell
  • required for mating
81
Q

CCW Flagellum rotation = __________

A

forward motion (run)

82
Q

CW Flagellum rotation = ___________

A

disrupts run, causing a tumble

83
Q

monotrichous

A

one flagellum

84
Q

polar flagellum

A

flagellum at the end of cell

85
Q

amphitrichous

A

one flagellum at each end of cell

86
Q

lophotrichous

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

87
Q

peritrichous

A

spread over entire surface of cell

88
Q

Name and explain 2 other types of motility:

A
  1. Spirochetes
    - exhibit flexing and spinning movements of axial filaments which are composed of flagella
  2. Gliding Motility
    - cells coast along solid surfaces
89
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

movement towards a chemical attractant OR away from a chemical repellant

90
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

detect concentrations of attractants or repellents

91
Q

In the presence of an attractant:

A
  • tumbling down
  • runs in direction of attractant up
92
Q

What is bacterial endospore?

A
  • formed by gram (+) bacteria
  • resistant to numerous environmental conditions
93
Q

What are 4 things the bacterial endospore is resistant to?

A
  • heat
  • radiation
  • chemicals
  • desiccation

CBE 2290 (12 decks)

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