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Pain & Anxiety Control > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

brain + spinal cord

A

CNS

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2
Q

12 pairs cranial nerves + 31 pairs spinal nerves

A

PNS

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3
Q

afferent is associated with what type of function

A

sensory

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4
Q

efferent is associated with what type of function

A

motor

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5
Q

somatic nerve system controls what type of function

A

voluntary

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6
Q

autonomic nerve system controls what type of function

A

involuntary

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7
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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8
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system control

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system control

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

what are the 3 functions of neurons

A
  • receive information
  • process information
  • send response
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11
Q

what are the structural components of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • 1 axon
  • 1 + dendrites
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12
Q

what does the axon of a neuron do

A

carries impulses away FROM the cell body

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13
Q

what do the dendrites of a neuron do

A

carries impulses TO the cell body

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14
Q

what is the terminal end of the axon that allows an impulse to travel to another axon via neurotransmitters

A

synaptic knob

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15
Q

what are the components of a nerve

A
  • many axons
  • an artery
  • a vein
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16
Q

what is the connective tissue around an axon

A

endoneurium

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17
Q

what is a group of axons

A

fascicle

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18
Q

what is the connective tissue around one fascicle

A

perineurium

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19
Q

what is the connective tissue around a group of fascicles

A

epineurium

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20
Q

what are the structural components of a nerve

A
  • endoneurium
  • fascicle
  • perineurium
  • epineurium
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21
Q

what can increase the speed of conduction of a nerve

A

myelination & the nodes of Ranvier

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22
Q

what are the largest fiber types

A

Type A

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23
Q

what fiber type has the fastest impulse conduction

A

type A

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24
Q

what subtype of fiber is the largest, fastest efferent nerve involved in muscle movement

A

type A - alpha

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25
Q

what subtype of fiber is afferent and involved in proprioception, touch, and pressure

A

type A - beta

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26
Q

what subtype of fiber is efferent and involved in muscle tone

A

type A - gamma

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27
Q

what subtype of fiber is afferent and involved in pain and temperature

A

type A - delta

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28
Q

Are type A fibers afferent or efferent

A

either afferent or efferent

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29
Q

are type B fibers afferent or efferent

A

efferent

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30
Q

what fiber type is slightly myelinated

A

type B

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31
Q

what fiber type is involved in preganglionic ANS and vascular smooth muscle control

A

type B

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32
Q

what fiber type is myelinated

A

type A

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33
Q

what fiber type is unmyelinated

A

type C

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34
Q

which fiber type is smallest and most numerous

35
Q

are type C fibers efferent or afferent

A

efferent and afferent

36
Q

which fiber type is responsible for dull, achy pain

37
Q

what is fiber type C involved in

A

postganglionic ANS, temperature, and pain

38
Q

In the oral cavity there is an increase in which types of fibers

A

type A and C

39
Q

___ fibers require MORE anesthetic volume

40
Q

neurons maintain a ___

A

concentration gradient

41
Q

what maintains the voltage gradient of the resting membrane

A

sodium-potassium pump

42
Q

action potentials are generated by ____ voltage change

A

all or none

43
Q

nerve impulses are triggered by a ___

A

stimulus ( chemical, thermal, mechanical, or electrical)

44
Q

nerve impulses travel from 1 neuron to another by crossing a ___

45
Q

nerve impulses pass through a neuron in ___

A

7 milliseconds

46
Q

when the neuron is resting the membrane is __

47
Q

when the neuron is resting, the inside of the cell is ___ charged

A

negatively

48
Q

when the neuron is resting, the outside of the cell is __ charged

A

positively

49
Q

there is increased ___ ions outside of the cell

50
Q

what is the resting membrane potential

51
Q

how do neurons maintain RMP polarization

A
  • sodium-potassium pump
  • closed K + channels
  • closed Na + channels
52
Q

when is action potential generated

A

when neuron membrane is DEPOLARIZED increasing the positively charged ions INSIDE the cell

53
Q

T/F the greater the intensity of the stimulus DOES produce a stronger impulse

A

FALSE - does NOT

54
Q

T/F the greater the intensity of the stimulus can produce MORE impulses per second

55
Q

what does the threshold stimulus trigger

A

K+ & Na+ ion channels to OPEN

56
Q

an impulse crosses both ___ and ___ synapses

A

electrical & chemical

57
Q

what are the gap junctions between neurons

A

electrical synapses

58
Q

what are synaptic clefts at the end of each axon

A

chemical synapses

59
Q

what does an excitatory neurotransmitters do

A

triggers impulses - ACh / NE

60
Q

what does an inhibitory neurotransmitters do

A

increase polarization - dopamine / serotonin

61
Q

what are the excitatory neurotransmitters

62
Q

what are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

dopamine / serotonin

63
Q

when does repolarization of the membrane occur

A

after action potential has peaked and the membrane begins to move back to RMP

64
Q

repolarization begins with movement of K+ ions to ___ the cell

65
Q

what moves Na+ ions to the outside of the cell to restore the resting membrane potential

A

sodium-potassium pump

66
Q

what is the interval when a 2nd impulse can NOT be initiated

A

ABSOLUTE refractory period

67
Q

why does the absolute refractory period occur

A

due to the inactivation of Na + channels during REPOLARIZATION

68
Q

what is the interval immediately after the absolute refractory period when a 2nd impulse is INHIBITED but is POSSIBLE if there is a LARGE enough stimuli applied

A

RELATIVE refractory period

69
Q

why does the relative refractory period occur

A

due to the hyperpolarization before the resting membrane potential is fully established

70
Q

local anesthetics cause ___ local anesthesia

A

reversible

71
Q

how does local anesthetics cause reversible local anesthesia

A

preventing the generation and conduction of impulses

72
Q

local anesthetics provide a ___ between the source of impulse and brain, not allowing the impulse to ever reach the brain

A

chemical block

73
Q

local anesthetics are membrane- ___ drugs

A

stabilizing

74
Q

local anesthetics __ the rate of depolarization

75
Q

local anesthetics ___ Na+ ion influx during depolarization

76
Q

local anesthetics bind to ___ channels inside the cell preventing ___ influx

A

Na + (for both blanks)

77
Q

local anesthetics provide a ___ making them bind easier to NA+ channels that are firing and not resting

A

state-dependent blockade

78
Q

___ diameter nerve fibers are more sensitive to local anesthetics

79
Q

___ diameter nerve fibers require more volume of local anesthetics

80
Q

what is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics

A
  • diffuse through neuron cell membranes
  • bind to Na+ channels inside the cell membrane
  • prevents Na+ channels from opening
  • prevents conduction of nerve impulse as long as the local anesthetic is bound to the receptor site
  • prevents neuron from reaching firing potential and the membrane remains polarized
81
Q

what are the 2 major routes of local anesthetic delivery

A
  • topical applied on mucosa
  • submucosal injection (more effective)
82
Q

topical application requires high or low concentrations

83
Q

injection requires high or low concentration

Pain & Anxiety Control (12 decks)

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