Module 4 Flashcards by Mallory Housman

brain + spinal cord

CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

12 pairs cranial nerves + 31 pairs spinal nerves

PNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

afferent is associated with what type of function

sensory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

efferent is associated with what type of function

motor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

somatic nerve system controls what type of function

voluntary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

autonomic nerve system controls what type of function

involuntary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic
parasympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the sympathetic nervous system control

fight or flight

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the parasympathetic nervous system control

rest and digest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 3 functions of neurons

receive information
process information
send response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the structural components of a neuron

cell body
1 axon
1 + dendrites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the axon of a neuron do

carries impulses away FROM the cell body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do the dendrites of a neuron do

carries impulses TO the cell body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the terminal end of the axon that allows an impulse to travel to another axon via neurotransmitters

synaptic knob

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the components of a nerve

many axons
an artery
a vein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the connective tissue around an axon

endoneurium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a group of axons

fascicle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the connective tissue around one fascicle

perineurium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the connective tissue around a group of fascicles

epineurium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the structural components of a nerve

endoneurium
fascicle
perineurium
epineurium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what can increase the speed of conduction of a nerve

myelination & the nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the largest fiber types

Type A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what fiber type has the fastest impulse conduction

type A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what subtype of fiber is the largest, fastest efferent nerve involved in muscle movement

type A - alpha

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what subtype of fiber is afferent and involved in proprioception, touch, and pressure

type A - beta

what subtype of fiber is efferent and involved in muscle tone

type A - gamma

what subtype of fiber is afferent and involved in pain and temperature

type A - delta

Are type A fibers afferent or efferent

either afferent or efferent

are type B fibers afferent or efferent

efferent

what fiber type is slightly myelinated

type B

what fiber type is involved in preganglionic ANS and vascular smooth muscle control

type B

what fiber type is myelinated

type A

what fiber type is unmyelinated

type C

which fiber type is smallest and most numerous

type C

are type C fibers efferent or afferent

efferent and afferent

which fiber type is responsible for dull, achy pain

type C

what is fiber type C involved in

postganglionic ANS, temperature, and pain

In the oral cavity there is an increase in which types of fibers

type A and C

___ fibers require MORE anesthetic volume

type A

neurons maintain a ___

concentration gradient

what maintains the voltage gradient of the resting membrane

sodium-potassium pump

action potentials are generated by ____ voltage change

all or none

nerve impulses are triggered by a ___

stimulus ( chemical, thermal, mechanical, or electrical)

nerve impulses travel from 1 neuron to another by crossing a ___

synapse

nerve impulses pass through a neuron in ___

7 milliseconds

when the neuron is resting the membrane is __

polarized

when the neuron is resting, the inside of the cell is ___ charged

negatively

when the neuron is resting, the outside of the cell is __ charged

positively

there is increased ___ ions outside of the cell

Na +

what is the resting membrane potential

70 mV

how do neurons maintain RMP polarization

- sodium-potassium pump - closed K + channels - closed Na + channels

when is action potential generated

when neuron membrane is DEPOLARIZED increasing the positively charged ions INSIDE the cell

T/F the greater the intensity of the stimulus DOES produce a stronger impulse

FALSE - does NOT

T/F the greater the intensity of the stimulus can produce MORE impulses per second

true

what does the threshold stimulus trigger

K+ & Na+ ion channels to OPEN

an impulse crosses both ___ and ___ synapses

electrical & chemical

what are the gap junctions between neurons

electrical synapses

what are synaptic clefts at the end of each axon

chemical synapses

what does an excitatory neurotransmitters do

triggers impulses - ACh / NE

what does an inhibitory neurotransmitters do

increase polarization - dopamine / serotonin

what are the excitatory neurotransmitters

ACh / NE

what are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

dopamine / serotonin

when does repolarization of the membrane occur

after action potential has peaked and the membrane begins to move back to RMP

repolarization begins with movement of K+ ions to ___ the cell

outside

what moves Na+ ions to the outside of the cell to restore the resting membrane potential

sodium-potassium pump

what is the interval when a 2nd impulse can NOT be initiated

ABSOLUTE refractory period

why does the absolute refractory period occur

due to the inactivation of Na + channels during REPOLARIZATION

what is the interval immediately after the absolute refractory period when a 2nd impulse is INHIBITED but is POSSIBLE if there is a LARGE enough stimuli applied

RELATIVE refractory period

why does the relative refractory period occur

due to the hyperpolarization before the resting membrane potential is fully established

local anesthetics cause ___ local anesthesia

reversible

how does local anesthetics cause reversible local anesthesia

preventing the generation and conduction of impulses

local anesthetics provide a ___ between the source of impulse and brain, not allowing the impulse to ever reach the brain

chemical block

local anesthetics are membrane- ___ drugs

stabilizing

local anesthetics __ the rate of depolarization

decrease

local anesthetics ___ Na+ ion influx during depolarization

inhibit

local anesthetics bind to ___ channels inside the cell preventing ___ influx

Na + (for both blanks)

local anesthetics provide a ___ making them bind easier to NA+ channels that are firing and not resting

state-dependent blockade

___ diameter nerve fibers are more sensitive to local anesthetics

SMALL

___ diameter nerve fibers require more volume of local anesthetics

LARGE

what is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics

- diffuse through neuron cell membranes - bind to Na+ channels inside the cell membrane - prevents Na+ channels from opening - prevents conduction of nerve impulse as long as the local anesthetic is bound to the receptor site - prevents neuron from reaching firing potential and the membrane remains polarized

what are the 2 major routes of local anesthetic delivery

- topical applied on mucosa - submucosal injection (more effective)

topical application requires high or low concentrations

high

injection requires high or low concentration

low