Module 4 Flashcards
Well over 500,000 people were killed in the Rwanda genocide of 1994.
True
In precolonial Rwandan culture, the concept of Imana referred to a sacred power.
True
“the dynamic principle of life and fertility”
Possessed by authority/monarchs
Rwandan kings were purely exploitive, always taking and never giving.
False
Kings were thought of as generous and gift givers
Assured land, cattle, and rituals
From independence in 1962 until the genocide, Rwanda was ruled by just one regime.
False
Had one president was toppled into new regime
State power during Habyarimana’s presidency was highly bureaucratized and hierarchical.
True
“Habyarimana’s circle, known as the Akazu (“little hut”), established a monopoly of power, and (b) the Akazu used this power to exploit the public. The result was deep public resentment and an acute legit”
Power filed down from top and was highly bureaucratized
The Habyarimana regime imposed a system of forced labor for the state called umuganda.
True
Forced to work for the state a couple days per month and obliged to grow more coffee
Coffee production for export was a major part of economic life in the Habyarimana era.
True
Major export, 82%, $150 million
Rwandan peasants asserted themselves on a large scale in the years before the genocide.
True
In Rwanda in the early 1990s, several pro-democracy opposition parties were formed.
True
New parties under name MRND fronts (parties of “ecologists,” “workers rallying for democracy,. . . . women and low-born people,” etc.)
New party MDR was democratic
The Arusha Accord of 1993 handed total power to the RPF.
False
Gave power sharing to six different parties including RPF
The Rwandan genocide was meticulously organized by the state.
True
Preparation had begun years earlier, well-trained death squads
As many as 25% of Rwandans played direct roles in the killing of other Rwandans in 1994.
False
The word “Tutsi” originally meant “royal warrior.”
False
“newcomer”
The word “Hutu” means “subject” or “vassal.”
True
Long before Europeans arrived, the division between Tutsis and Hutus had become a class division.
True
Tutsis and Hutus were names for classes with little ethnic content
Tutsis were wealth and power (could become tutsified)
The Belgians discriminated against the Tutsis in favor of the Hutus.
False
Discriminated against Hutus in favor of Tutsis
Habyarimana’s power base in the north (Gisenyi, etc.) was always loyal to Hutu unity.
False
Focused on profiting from Hutu labor and not unity
Tutsis alone were killed during the genocide.
False
Many studies have shown that aggressiveness is a stable personality trait, and that childhood aggression is often a warning sign of aggression later in life.
True
“Cultures, that is, in which children are typically reared in cold or harsh families tend to be significantly more violent than the norm. And children reared in such cultures tend to be unusually aggressive, not just in child- hood but in adult life; as many longitudinal studies have shown, aggressiveness is a stable personality trait, and childhood aggression is strongly correlated with aggression in later life”
Women and children face many of the worst problems in post-genocide Rwanda.
True?
Women had few property rights
Without families, houses, or money
Women had stigma of being rap victims with unwanted children, or widows
Phycological trauma
“living dead”
Durkheim says it would be ethnocentric to stereotype the German “mentality” as warlike and cruel.
False?
“They are only varying expressions of one and the same condition of mentality, which, in the present work, we would wish to examine, in order to comprehend, and to determine, its essential elements”
Durkheim regards Treitschke as an obscure but original thinker whose communication style made him less influential than he should have been.
False?
Was not an original thinker, expressed mental attitude of surroundings
Shows common thoughts from that time
In his book Suicide (1895), Durkheim introduced the notion of “anomie,” which he defined as the sense of being unbound by law or convention. The Germans, as he portrays them, appeared to share this sense.
True??????
State is not any force above itself, made only to command, recognize no one but God
Example of Moroccan affair, Germany did not stand down
“they remain for that reason subordinate to its own will; they have no binding force, except insofar as they continue to be in harmony with that will”
“Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me.” Treitschke said the German state should honor and live by a similar rule.
True
For Treitschke, the state is entitled to declare war whenever it wishes.
True
“has an incontestable right to declare war when it pleases”
After World War 2, key Nazi leaders were tried at a war crimes tribunal. Treitschke would have favored convening (meeting) a tribunal (court of justice) of this kind.
False?
“History does not admit of being considered from the point of view adopted by judges in civil suits.”That is a “philistine” point of view; neither the statesman nor the historian could accept it.”
“State cannot accept the jurisdiction of any international tribunal”
Judge puts state in a state of dependence
Durkheim says that, for Treitschke, war is not only inevitable but moral and sacred.
True
“It is sacred first because it represents a condition necessary to the existence of States, and without the State humanity cannot live”
“But it is sacred also, because it is the source of the highest moral virtue”
Treitschke respected small states for surviving over the centuries despite their lack of military strength.
False
Does not respect, looks down upon because they rely on others
Right of existence is conditional on others
Existence is ridiculous, since put on mask of strength when they are truly weak
