Module 1 Flashcards
For Durkheim, even “purely moral maxims” have power over us.
True
There are still penalties
Constraint can be less but is still there
Durkheim says that religious believers do not invent their beliefs and rituals but, rather, find them outside themselves, already in existence.
True
Given religious truths at birth, so if they existed before he did then they exist outside of him
According to Durkheim, industrialists have often succeed by determination alone, even when they relied on outmoded procedures and methods.
False?
Cannot succeed on outdated methods because then industrialists are always fighting against rules
Durkheim calls himself a “zealous partisan of absolute individualism.”
False
He says he is not because he uses the word we in opposition to this statement
He believes individuals are not entirely dependent on himself and this angers ___
According to Durkheim, social constraint deprives us of all individual personality.
False
Deprives us of some not all
We know we are not entirely our own
Social constraint is not exclusive of individual personality
Durkheim says that, when we get “carried away” by the enthusiasm of a crowd, we are experiencing the influence of a social current.
True?
Durkheim says that it is impossible to be unaware of the pressure the group exerts on us.
False?
Pressures reveal themselves when we fight against them
We may not feel them all the time
According to Durkheim, once we fall under the spell of a common emotion, we remain unalterably in the grip of that emotion.
False
Alterable when we are in group versus when we are not
Under the pressure of group emotion, we may embrace sentiments that, under other circumstances, would “horrify” us, Durkheim says.
True
Emotions can be like foreign objects
It’s the power of a group
The education of children is, for Durkheim, the “miniature” version of the process by which people in general are socialized.
True
Education creates a social being, shape them in society’s image
A child will not become the way they are without the influence of society and education to help them figure out how to think
Gives rise to habits
According to Durkheim, children experience social pressure “every single second.”
True
By teachers and parents and society
Social word seeks to shape its own image
A gesture repeated by every individual is, for Durkheim, inherently a social fact.
False
Not alone
“social facts are the beliefs, tendencies, practices of the group taken collectively”
For Asch, interactions between people occur exclusively in the social field, NOT in nature.
False
This gets the greatest diversity
Basis for social happenings
Asch says that social psychology should remove the “veil of self-evidence” from the interpretation of people’s actions.
True
Usually be get rid of problems by depending on others, and other people’s actions have consequences for us
Dependence requires knowledge of human fact
We try to make sense of others actions
Asch says that we can understand people’s actions in relation to objects, but not in relation to other people.
False
We can say they come and go, push and pull things
But we can also say their mental state of concentration or searching and finding
We can help, fight, advise other people
Psychology is the study of people and people
Reciprocity is a key aspect of social action, according to Asch.
True ???
Most simple forms of social interaction are replication
Sameness
Observe that a cheerful friend cheers us
Interpretation shows the actions of suggestion
Sympathetic induction of emotions
We imitate under certain conditions, not under others
We can feel with them
Teacher should not feel like students
For Asch, situations of mass panic, in which everyone reacts separately to feelings that absorb them personally, are instances of the breakdown of group relations.
True
Each person is responding in their own way
Own alarm completely absorbs individuals
Not reflecting group emotion
Opposing another person is just as much social action, Asch says, as imitating another person.
True
Opposing and imitating are still reacting to the action of a person
Makes relevant social action possible
Action of one person answers action of another
Asch would agree that, by working, people change the world around them; but he would deny that, by working, people change themselves.
False
Work does change the world, i.e. technology, social organization
Working builds relationships
Work socializes the individual
Needs mastery of process and correct use of power
For Asch, the efforts of two people who cooperate to achieve a common goal can be characterized as simply the sum, the additive effect, of their separate forces.
False
Unity of action embraces the participants and common objects, perform a joint action
Need direct communication
Not separate focuses because they share a common goal
Performance is a new product
People would not act the same if the other person wasn’t there
Asch says that the accomplishment of a “bucket brigade” is ultimately “more than and different from” the sum of individual efforts by brigade members.
True
Fundamental structural alteration / actions are now reorganized for the group unit
Division of functions
Operations are the best and most efficient way to meet the goal as they save time, energy, confusion, waste
Asch says that speedy teamwork is equivalent both to “stretching” time and “compressing” effort within a concentrated time period.
True
Joint action is qualitatively new
Some work cannot be compressed into a certain amount of time
Groups multiplies tools needed for the task: guarantees continuous effort
Asch denies that cooperation has any “profound novelty” about it.
False
Performance of group cannot be predicted from what individual members know
Certain relations and operations only occur in a group i.e. helping and encouraging
Cooperation of group is more than what an individual could do
Everyone has different knowledge and skills, in group can act near and distant
Starts motive to cooperate
In a footnote, Asch says that cooperation involves mutual understanding, but that competition does not.
False
Competition involves mutual understanding of goals and aims
Understands actions of others
However, people act as barriers instead of as aids
In game groups have shared goal but cannot share
Objects have properties only in themselves, Asch says, NOT in their “relation” to us as well.
False
Objects are social things because of their social setting and function
A chair would not have the properties of sitting if we did not assign in the function of somewhere to sit
Posses social reality, functional property, what we decide to do with them and how that affects us
What objects can do and what we can do with them : gain social understanding
Uses and aims are social
Ownership, Asch says, is a physical matter of control and possession, not a social “relation or “fact.”
False
Ownership is obviously a social fact
The first thing a child learns is the chair its family members sit in, forbidden rooms, and its own home
Gold is on object of ownership, which would not be known without social relation
Becomes reality at the will of others
Asch says that only objects made by people can be social facts. This would include houses and tenement buildings but not sunlight, airwaves or clouds.
False
Everything can be made into a social fact through ownership
Mutual social field
More inclusive ownership with more technology
Light and sunshine in a tenement building have a price
For Asch everyone, at birth, is already an “I” or a “You.”
False
Interaction between people creates the I and You, so they must be developed
One does not start out as a friend or cousin, this is socially created, humans make each other into mothers for example
Relational and mutally dependent
To be an I means someone else experiences the You
Can form We
Mauss says the Ewe concept of dzo is associated with pearls and shells.
True
Word comes from root of other cultures
Dzo means power, magical things, and deeds
Used in African magic and religion
Mauss says “mana” and “Manitou” were originally mispronunciations of the English word “money.”
False
Mana directly linked to the concept of money
Related to notion of talisman
Mauss says the symbolic power of sacred talismans renders them suitable to represent buying power as well.
True?
Quartz in the Americas was exchanged as well as other Talismans
Measure value among people
Thus provided people with buying power through symbolic power
Talismans have been used by tribal chieftains to compel their underlings to render service to them.
True
Talismans represent power, not only of substances but also of human authority
Talismans were fought over and passed down, and used to exert power (society gave them power)
